{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T06:05:11Z","timestamp":1774591511002,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,23]],"date-time":"2021-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"GCRF LJMU","award":["915\/FET"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["915\/FET"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Under the India \u201cHousing for all\u201d scheme, 20 million urban houses have to be constructed by 2022, which requires the rate of construction to be around 8000 houses\/day. Previous results by the team show that present design methods for affordable buildings and structures in India need improvement. The challenges are the disposal of solid waste generated from agro-industrial activities and the energy peak demand in extremely hot and cold seasons. The development of bio-based urban infrastructure which can adapt to the climatic conditions has been proposed. Inclusion of sustainable materials such as agro-industrial by-products and insulation materials has resulted in effective environmental sustainability and climate change adaptability. Precast components are highlighted as a suitable solution for this purpose as well as to fulfil the need of mass housing. India has a lesser record in implementing this prefab technology when compared to a global view. For the first time, a novel and sustainable prefab housing solution is tested for scale-up using industrial waste of co-fired blended ash (CBA) and the results are presented here. A model house of real scale measuring 3 \u00d7 3 \u00d7 3 m3 was considered as a base case and is compared with 17 other combinations of model house with varying alignment of prefab panels. Comparison was made with commercially available fly ash brick and CBA brick with a conventional roof slab. A simulation study was conducted regarding cost and energy analysis for all the 18 cases. Various brick and panel compositions with CBA for housing were tried and the superior composition was selected. Similarly, 18 model houses of real scale were simulated, with different combinations of walls made of bricks or panels and different building orientations, to check the impact on energy peak cooling and cost. Results show that peak cooling load can be reduced by six times with bio-based prefab panels. Prefab construction can be considered for mass housing ranging above 100 housing units, each consisting of an area of 25 m2.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su13031195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]],"date-time":"2021-01-25T12:28:31Z","timestamp":1611577711000},"page":"1195","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Application of Sustainable Prefabricated Wall Technology for Energy Efficient Social Housing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1698-8282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ravijanya","family":"Chippagiri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, VNIT, Nagpur 440010, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4022-4589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hindavi R.","family":"Gavali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, VNIT, Nagpur 440010, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3538-533X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rahul V.","family":"Ralegaonkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, VNIT, Nagpur 440010, India"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Riley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Built Environment and Sustainable Technologies (BEST) Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK"}]},{"given":"Andy","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Built Environment and Sustainable Technologies (BEST) Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6292-2073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Bras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Built Environment and Sustainable Technologies (BEST) Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Department of Economic and Social Affairs, U.N. (2020, March 12). India Population. Available online: https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/india-population\/."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2017). Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation, Government of India, Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana\u2014Housing for All (Urban)\u2014Credit Linked Subsidy Scheme. Gov. India, 2017, 1\u201362."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1339","article-title":"Prefab technology a solution to existing challenges in construction sector of India\u2014A Kerala perspective","volume":"119","author":"Krishnanunny","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pure Appl. Math."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2016.02.008","article-title":"Adoption of prefabricated housing\u2014The role of country context","volume":"22","author":"Steinhardt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2019.01.061","article-title":"New advancements, challenges and opportunities of multi-storey modular buildings\u2014A state-of-the-art review","volume":"183","author":"Ferdous","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2020, January 21). United Nations UN Climate Action Summit. Available online: https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/climatechange\/un-climate-summit-2019.shtml."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-1323(00)00056-1","article-title":"Energy efficiency and building construction in India","volume":"36","author":"Tiwari","year":"2001","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bras, A., Ravijanya, C., de Sande, V.T., Rley, M., and Ralegaonkar, R.V. (2020). Sustainable and affordable prefab housing systems with minimal whole life energy use. Energy Build., 110030.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110030"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Ministry of Commerce & Industry, and GoI, I. (2019). Indian Steel Industry Report."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2016.04.016","article-title":"Long-Term model-based projections of energy use and CO2 emissions from the global steel and cement industries","volume":"112","author":"Boskaljon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Ministry of Commerce & Industry, and GoI, I. (2020). Cement Industry in India."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.04.152","article-title":"Development of sustainable alkali-activated bricks using industrial wastes","volume":"215","author":"Gavali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tibrewal, K., Maithel, S., and Venkataraman, C. (2019). A state-level methodology for estimating present-day emissions of short-lived climate pollutants from fired brick production in India. Clim. Chang. Signals Response, 211\u2013229.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-0280-0_13"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Riza, F.V., Rahman, I.A., and Zaidi, A.M.A. (2010, January 5\u20137). A brief review of Compressed Stabilized Earth Brick (CSEB). Proceedings of the International Conference on Science and Social Research (CSSR 2010), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanchez-rodriguez, R., Urge-Vorsatz, D., and Barau, A.S. (2018). Sustainable Development Goals and climate change adaptation in cities. Nat. Clim. Chang., 98\u2013100.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-018-0098-9"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04017022","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000530","article-title":"Reliability approach in economic assessment of adapting infrastructure to climate change","volume":"33","author":"Ha","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Manag. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1029\/2019EF001208","article-title":"The infrastructure trolley problem: Positioning safe-to-fail infrastructure for climate change adaptation earth\u2019s future","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earth\u2019s Future"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1080\/0376835X.2015.1113122","article-title":"Building resilient infrastructure in the face of climate change in African cities: Scope, potentiality and challenges","volume":"33","author":"Chirisa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. S. Afr."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"USAID (2012). Solid Waste Management Addressing Climate Change Impacts on Infrastructure: Preparing for Change (Fact Sheet)."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04014022","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)EY.1943-7897.0000200","article-title":"Development and feasibility analysis of bagasse ash bricks","volume":"141","author":"Madurwar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Energy Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2015.07.088","article-title":"Use of bio-briquette ash for the development of bricks","volume":"112","author":"Sakhare","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"425","article-title":"Use of co-fired blended ash in the development of sustainable construction materials","volume":"171","author":"Ram","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Eng. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.120061","article-title":"Design of eco-efficient housing with sustainable alkali-activated bricks","volume":"254","author":"Gavali","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2019.109844","article-title":"Dynamic fracture investigations of ultra-high performance concrete by spalling tests","volume":"201","author":"Khosravani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000430","article-title":"Performance and characterization of shear ties for use in insulated precast concrete sandwich wall panels","volume":"138","author":"Naito","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Struct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.117145","article-title":"Review of precast concrete sandwich panels and their innovations","volume":"233","author":"Kinnane","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.15554\/pcij.11011991.78.98","article-title":"State-of-the-Art of precast concrete sandwich panels","volume":"36","author":"Einea","year":"1991","journal-title":"PCI J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2017.04.227","article-title":"Performance and perception in prefab housing: An exploratory industry survey on sustainability and affordability","volume":"180","author":"Dave","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2014.04.001","article-title":"Critical review of the research on the management of prefabricated construction","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1080\/01446190802259043","article-title":"Sustainable construction aspects of using prefabrication in dense urban environment: A Hong Kong case study","volume":"26","author":"Jaillon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Constr. Manag. Econ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2016.08.002","article-title":"Cost analysis for sustainable off-site construction based on a multiple-case study in China","volume":"57","author":"Mao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"527","article-title":"Comparative study on prefabrication construction with cast in-situ construction of residential buildings","volume":"2","author":"Dineshkumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"IJISET Int. J. Innov. Sci. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2020.100689","article-title":"On the environmental impacts of 3D printing technology","volume":"20","author":"Khosravani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.02.651","article-title":"Natural fibre reinforced composite materials: Environmentally better life cycle assessment\u2014A case study","volume":"26","author":"Malviya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/13\/3\/1195\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:14:36Z","timestamp":1760159676000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/13\/3\/1195"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,23]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["su13031195"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su13031195","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2071-1050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,23]]}}}