{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:46:16Z","timestamp":1760233576984,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Instituto Portugu\u00eas do Desporto e Juventude, I.P.","award":["CP\/534\/DDT\/2020. IPDJ, I.P."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CP\/534\/DDT\/2020. IPDJ, I.P."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Reliability studies are used to verify the evaluation accuracy of a given device. Strength is an important factor for the development of daily activities and its correct management is fundamental. The objective of this study was to examine the reliability of a concentric strength test in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: Twenty-seven individuals with T2DM performed three repetitions of extension-flexion in concentric-concentric action at 60\u00b0\/s, for both legs, using an isokinetic dynamometer. For the reliability analysis, we performed an intra-session test retest. Results: The total sample and men sub-group intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) values were excellent for peak torque and work. In the women sub-group, ICC values were excellent for extensors in both peak torque and work; however, concerning flexor, the ICC values were good for peak torque while, for work, they were good for the right leg and moderate for the left leg. Standard error of measurement (SEM) percentage oscillated from 3.85% to 6.80%, with the smallest real difference (SRD) percentage being from 10.66% to 18.86% for peak torque. Furthermore, the SEM (%) was around 5.5% and SRD (%) was around 15% for work. Conclusions: The isokinetic dynamometry had \u201cgood\u201d to \u201cexcellent\u201d relative reliability for peak torque (0.862\u20130.983) and work (0.744\u20130.982) of extension-flexion in concentric-concentric action at 60\u00b0\/s. In addition, our study showed that, in general, an SRD &lt; 20% could indicate a true change in strength regarding this protocol in T2DM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su13031343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T05:23:05Z","timestamp":1611811385000},"page":"1343","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Test-Retest Reliability of Isokinetic Knee Strength Measurements in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7203-3168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Carmelo","family":"Adsuar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Promoting a Healthy Society Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5254-7409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose","family":"Parraca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Desporto e Sa\u00fade, Escola de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade de \u00c9vora, 7000 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), 7000 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9753-8381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armando","family":"Raimundo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Desporto e Sa\u00fade, Escola de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade de \u00c9vora, 7000 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), 7000 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1736-0996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel Angel","family":"Garcia-Gordillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Econom\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chile, Talca 3460000, Chile"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Polero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biomec\u00e1nica y An\u00e1lisis del Movimiento del Litoral, CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica, Paysand\u00fa 60000, Uruguay"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7780-3942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Tomas-Carus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Desporto e Sa\u00fade, Escola de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade de \u00c9vora, 7000 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), 7000 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Lancet (2017). Diabetes: A dynamic disease. Lancet, 389, 2163.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31537-4"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"4","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes: The Evolution of Our Understanding","volume":"65","author":"Brunton","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Fam. Pract."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2017.151","article-title":"Global aetiology and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications","volume":"14","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrade-Guel, M., Cabello-Alvarado, C., Cruz-Delgado, V.J., Bartolo-Perez, P., De Leon-Martinez, P.A., Saenz-Galindo, A., Cadenas-Pliego, G., and Avila-Orta, C.A. (2019). Surface Modification of Graphene Nanoplatelets by Organic Acids and Ultrasonic Radiation for Enhance Uremic Toxins Adsorption. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12050715"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cabello-Alvarado, C., Andrade-Guel, M., Perez-Alvarez, M., Cadenas-Pliego, G., Cortes-Hernandez, D.A., Bartolo-Perez, P., Avila-Orta, C.A., Cruz-Delgado, V.J., and Zepeda-Pedreguera, A. (2019). Graphene Nanoplatelets Modified with Amino-Groups by Ultrasonic Radiation of Variable Frequency for Potential Adsorption of Uremic Toxins. Nanomaterials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9091261"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2257","article-title":"Motor dysfunction in diabetes","volume":"28","author":"Andersen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1298\/ptr.R0002","article-title":"Aging, physical activity, and diabetic complications related to loss of muscle strength in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"21","author":"Nomura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Ther. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-2537","article-title":"Accelerated loss of skeletal muscle strength in older adults with type 2 diabetes: The health, aging, and body composition study","volume":"30","author":"Park","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-016-0880-y","article-title":"Muscle dysfunction in type 2 diabetes: A major threat to patient\u2019s mobility and independence","volume":"53","author":"Bianchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.11-012FR","article-title":"Oxidative stress in cardiac and skeletal muscle dysfunction associated with diabetes mellitus","volume":"48","author":"Tsutsui","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.6.1543","article-title":"Muscle strength in type 2 diabetes","volume":"53","author":"Andersen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092250107","article-title":"Skeletal muscle in the diabetic mouse: Histochemical and morphometric analysis","volume":"225","author":"Klueber","year":"1989","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001910105","article-title":"Proximal skeletal muscle alterations in streptozotocin-diabetic rats: A histochemical and morphometric analysis","volume":"191","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.2337\/db05-1183","article-title":"Decreased muscle strength and quality in older adults with type 2 diabetes: The health, aging, and body composition study","volume":"55","author":"Park","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2011.10.026","article-title":"Lower extremity muscle strength is reduced in people with type 2 diabetes, with and without polyneuropathy, and is associated with impaired mobility and reduced quality of life","volume":"95","author":"TH","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2017.02.003","article-title":"The effect of peripheral neuropathy on lower limb muscle strength in diabetic individuals","volume":"43","author":"Ferreira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2010.09.030","article-title":"Peripheral neuropathy, decreased muscle strength and obesity are strongly associated with walking in persons with type 2 diabetes without manifest mobility limitations","volume":"91","author":"Savelberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-0433","article-title":"The relationship of reduced peripheral nerve function and diabetes with physical performance in older white and black adults: The Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) study","volume":"31","author":"Strotmeyer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2003.06.015","article-title":"Walking stability and sensorimotor function in older people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy","volume":"85","author":"Menz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-005-0168-0","article-title":"Autonomic, endothelial function and the analysis of gait in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes","volume":"42","author":"Petrofsky","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2015.08.005","article-title":"Falls and Balance Impairments in Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: Thinking Beyond Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy","volume":"40","author":"Hewston","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(23)00012-6","article-title":"Reliability of isokinetic muscle strength testing in 45- to 78-year-old men and women","volume":"74","author":"Frontera","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.02.006","article-title":"Test-retest reliability of isokinetic knee extension and flexion","volume":"88","author":"Sole","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"954378","article-title":"Validity and Reliability of Accelerometer-Based Gait Assessment in Patients with Diabetes on Challenging Surfaces","volume":"2012","author":"Hubli","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Aging Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barrios-Fern\u00e1ndez, S., P\u00e9rez-G\u00f3mez, J., Gal\u00e1n-Arroyo, M.d.C., Se\u00f1or\u00e1n-Rivera, J., Mart\u00edn-Carmona, R., Mendoza-Mu\u00f1oz, M., Garc\u00eda-Gordillo, M.\u00c1., Dom\u00ednguez-Mu\u00f1oz, F.J., and Adsuar, J.C. (2020). Reliability of 30-s Chair Stand Test with and without Cognitive Task in People with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17041450"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dominguez-Mu\u00f1oz, F.J., Hern\u00e1ndez-Mocholi, M.A., Manso, L.J., Collado-Mateo, D., Villafaina, S., Adsuar, J.C., and Gusi, N. (2019). Test-Retest Reliability of Kinematic Parameters of Timed Up and Go in People with Type 2 Diabetes. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9214709"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"52","article-title":"Reliability of hand-held dynamometric strength testing in people with diabetes\/chronic conditions","volume":"38","author":"Hansson","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Z. J. Physiother."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1002\/rnj.111","article-title":"Test\u2013retest reliability and minimal detectable change scores for fitness assessment in older adults with type 2 diabetes","volume":"39","author":"Rogers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rehabil. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2011.04.017","article-title":"Test-retest reliability of isometric and isokinetic knee extension and flexion in patients with fibromyalgia: Evaluation of the smallest real difference","volume":"92","author":"Adsuar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/165019702753557890","article-title":"Test-retest reliability in isokinetic muscle strength measurements of the shoulder","volume":"34","author":"Meeteren","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31258-3","article-title":"Time to deliver: Report of the WHO Independent High-Level Commission on NCDs","volume":"392","author":"Nishtar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.45.4.440","article-title":"Isokinetic muscle strength in long-term IDDM patients in relation to diabetic complications","volume":"45","author":"Andersen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.5539\/gjhs.v8n8p210","article-title":"Isokinetic and Electromyographic Properties of Muscular Endurance in Short and Long-Term Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"8","author":"Hatef","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob. J. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.2174\/157339910791162961","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes and risk for functional decline and disability in older persons","volume":"6","author":"Volpato","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","article-title":"A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research","volume":"15","author":"Koo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chiropr. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Marfell-Jones, M.J., Stewart, A., and De Ridder, J. (2012). International Standards for Anthropometric Assessment, International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2000.106568","article-title":"Coping skills training for youth with diabetes mellitus has long-lasting effects on metabolic control and quality of life","volume":"137","author":"Grey","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1987.9.5.184","article-title":"Bilateral isokinetic peak torque, torque acceleration energy, power, and work relationships in athletes and nonathletes","volume":"9","author":"Perrin","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"53","article-title":"Validity and reliability of a hand-held dynamometer for dynamic muscle strength assessment","volume":"4","author":"Janssen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.86.2.420","article-title":"Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability","volume":"86","author":"Shrout","year":"1979","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"231","article-title":"Quantifying test-retest reliability using the intraclass correlation coefficient and the SEM","volume":"19","author":"Weir","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Portney, L., and Watkins, M. (2000). Construct Validity. Foundations of Clinical Research: Applications to Practice, Prentice Hall Health."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90837-8","article-title":"Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement","volume":"1","author":"Bland","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3233\/IES-2000-0045","article-title":"Isokinetic and isometric torque values using a Kin-Com dynamometer in normal subjects aged 20 to 69 years","volume":"8","author":"Phillips","year":"2000","journal-title":"Isokinet. Exerc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1988.10.6.218","article-title":"Reliability of a reciprocal test protocol performed on the kinetic communicator: An isokinetic test of knee extensor and flexor strength","volume":"10","author":"Harding","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2007.07.013","article-title":"Reliability of isokinetic normalized peak torque assessments for knee muscles in post-stroke hemiparesis","volume":"27","author":"Dehkordi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"585","article-title":"The reliability of isokinetic and isometric leg strength measures among individuals with symptoms of mild osteoarthritis","volume":"46","author":"Carpenter","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz-Bermejo, L., P\u00e9rez-G\u00f3mez, J., Manzano, F., Collado-Mateo, D., Villafaina, S., and Adsuar, J.C. (2019). Reliability of isokinetic knee strength measurements in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0226274"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1123\/japa.12.4.525","article-title":"Reliability of isokinetic and isometric knee-extensor force in older women","volume":"12","author":"Symons","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Aging Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1159\/000172832","article-title":"Reproducibility of an isokinetic strength-testing protocol of the knee and ankle in older adults","volume":"55","author":"Hartmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"572","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial on the effects of combined aerobic-resistance exercise on muscle strength and fatigue, glycemic control and health-related quality of life of type 2 diabetes patients","volume":"56","author":"Pietilainen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit."}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/13\/3\/1343\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:16:25Z","timestamp":1760159785000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/13\/3\/1343"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["su13031343"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su13031343","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2071-1050"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]}}}