{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T21:43:54Z","timestamp":1776375834902,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]],"date-time":"2021-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011941","name":"Gobierno del Principado de Asturias","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FC-GRUPIN-IDI\/2018\/000221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FC-GRUPIN-IDI\/2018\/000221"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011941","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A mix design, using a mixture of sand and mine tailings as aggregates, was selected to produce a cement-based 3D printing material suitable for building purposes. Different dosage rates of mine tailings, water, superplasticizers, and accelerators were added to the mixture with the end of looking for the optimum strength, workability and buildability. The term buildability includes aspects such as pumpability and printability. Different tests were carried out in order to compare homogeneous material strength with printed material strength, to evaluate the bonding strength between filaments, and to establish the relationship between fresh behaviour and buildability for printing applications. Finally, a mixture with 20% of recycled materials demonstrated its ability to be used as concrete printing material in the construction industry in the frame of circular economy concept.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su13031568","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]],"date-time":"2021-02-02T13:01:12Z","timestamp":1612270872000},"page":"1568","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Optimum Mix Design for 3D Concrete Printing Using Mining Tailings: A Case Study in Spain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Martina-Inmaculada","family":"\u00c1lvarez-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mining Exploitation Department, EIMEM, University of Oviedo, 33003 Oviedo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9125-4863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda-Bel\u00e9n","family":"Prendes-Gero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Construction Department, EPM, University of Oviedo, 33003 Oviedo, Spain"}]},{"given":"Celestino","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Nicieza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mining Exploitation Department, EIMEM, University of Oviedo, 33003 Oviedo, Spain"}]},{"given":"Diego-Jos\u00e9","family":"Guerrero-Miguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mining Exploitation Department, EIMEM, University of Oviedo, 33003 Oviedo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4613-3979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Enrique","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Construction Department, EPM, University of Oviedo, 33003 Oviedo, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Bowker, L.N., and Chambers, D.M. (2021, January 25). The Risk, Public Liability, and Economics of Tailings Storage Facility Failures. Bowker Associates Science & Research in the Public Interest. Available online: Esearchgate.net\/publication\/283321865_The_Risk_Public_Liability_Economics_of_Tailings_Facility_Failures\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1002\/bse.2613","article-title":"Tailings facility failures in the global mining industry: Will a \u2018transparency turn\u2019 drive change?","volume":"30","author":"Kemp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bus. Strat. Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"102119","article-title":"The 2019 Brumadinho tailings dam collapse: Possible cause and impacts of the worst human and environmental disaster in Brazil","volume":"90","author":"Rotta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2019.01.034","article-title":"Experimental investigation on utilization of dried marble slurry as fine aggregate in lean masonry mortars","volume":"23","author":"Kabeer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.04.041","article-title":"A new procedure for recycling waste tailings as cemented paste backfill to underground stopes and open pits","volume":"188","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1007\/s10163-019-00831-7","article-title":"Use of copper mine tailing in concrete: Strength characteristics and durability performance","volume":"21","author":"Esmaeili","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1515\/secm-2019-0029","article-title":"Utilization of tailings in cement and concrete: A review","volume":"26","author":"Gou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Eng. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ince, C. (2019). Reusing gold-mine tailings in cement mortars: Mechanical properties and socio-economic developments for the Lefke-Xeros area of Cyprus. J. Clean. Prod., 238.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.117871"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2006.05.002","article-title":"Freeform Construction: Mega-scale Rapid Manufacturing for construction","volume":"16","author":"Buswell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Lim, S., Le, T., Webster, J., Buswell, R., Austin, S., Gibb, A., and Thorpe, T. (2009, January 13\u201316). Fabricating construction components using layer manufacturing technology. Proceedings of the Global Innovation in Construction Conference 2009, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-012-9828-z","article-title":"Mix design and fresh properties for high-performance printing concrete","volume":"45","author":"Le","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2019.106968","article-title":"Printability region for 3D concrete printing using slump and slump flow test","volume":"174","author":"Tay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2018.06.001","article-title":"Vision of 3D printing with concrete\u2014Technical, economic and environmental potentials","volume":"112","author":"Lesage","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2020.101833","article-title":"3D printed concrete for large-scale buildings: An overview of rheology, printing parameters, chemical admixtures, reinforcements, and economic and environmental prospects","volume":"32","author":"Souza","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mfglet.2020.03.002","article-title":"Characterizing cement mixtures for concrete 3D printing","volume":"24","author":"Manikandan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Manuf. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2018.03.031","article-title":"Experimental study on mix proportion and fresh properties of fly ash based geopolymer for 3D concrete printing","volume":"44","author":"Panda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2021, January 25). Spanish Association for Standardization and Certification. (AENOR). Testing Fresh Concrete. Part 2: Slump Test (UNE-EN 12350-2:2020). Available online: https:\/\/www.aenor.com\/."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"ACI Committee 238 (2008). Report on Measurements of Workability and Rheology of Fresh Concrete, American Concrete Institute."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Fuentes, A. (2016). Analysis of Anisotropic Behaviour on Slates Using Destructive and Non-Destructive Techniques, University of Oviedo."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2021, January 25). Welcome to the MBCC Group\/MBCC. Available online: https:\/\/www.mbcc-group.com\/."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Hermes, L.J. (2018). Strength Development of Concrete Used for 3D Concrete Printing Determination of the Influence of Temperature on the Development of Concrete Strength Properties Before Initial Set and the Applicability of Maturity Methods. [Ph.D. Thesis, Eindhoven University of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Mennatallah, A.A. (2013). Effect of Mixing Water Temperature on Concrete Properties in Hot Weather Conditions. [Ph.D. Thesis, The American University in Cairo, The School of Sciences and Engineering]."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2021, January 25). Spanish Association for Standardization and Certification. (AENOR). Testing Hardened Concrete\u2014Part 3: Compressive Strength of Test Specimens (UNE-EN 12390-3:2020). Available online: https:\/\/www.aenor.com\/."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1520\/CCA10190J","article-title":"Influence of Water-Reducing Admixtures on Properties of Cement Paste\u2014A Miniature Slump Test","volume":"2","author":"Wedding","year":"1980","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Aggreg."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Zhor, J., and Bremner, T.W. (1998, January 1). Advances in Evaluation of Lignosulphonates and Concrete Admixtures. Proceedings of the Fourth CANMET\/ACI\/JCI Conference, Advances in Concrete Technology, SP 179-58, Tokushima, Japan."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mouhcine, B.A. (2020). The superplasticizer effect on the rheological and mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete. New Mater. Civ. Eng., 315\u2013331.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-818961-0.00008-9"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.119780","article-title":"Effect of non-ionic auxiliary dispersants on the rheological properties of mortars and concretes of low water-to-cement ratio","volume":"259","author":"Ilg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2019.124307","article-title":"Non-adsorbing small molecules as auxiliary dispersants for polycarboxylate superplasticizers","volume":"587","author":"Ilg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/13\/3\/1568\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:19:02Z","timestamp":1760159942000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/13\/3\/1568"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["su13031568"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su13031568","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2071-1050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]]}}}