{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T18:40:19Z","timestamp":1775155219909,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]],"date-time":"2021-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NORTE-59-2018-41","award":["NORTE-06-3559-FSE-000018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-06-3559-FSE-000018"]}]},{"name":"FCT \u2013 Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/00319\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00319\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lean Manufacturing (LM), Ergonomics and Human Factors (E&amp;HF), and Human\u2013Robot Collaboration (HRC) are vibrant topics for researchers and companies. Among other emergent technologies, collaborative robotics is an innovative solution to reduce ergonomic concerns and improve manufacturing productivity. However, there is a lack of studies providing empirical evidence about the implementation of these technologies, with little or no consideration for E&amp;HF. This study analyzes an industrial implementation of a collaborative robotic workstation for assembly tasks performed by workers with musculoskeletal complaints through a synergistic integration of E&amp;HF and LM principles. We assessed the workstation before and after the implementation of robotic technology and measured different key performance indicators (e.g., production rate) through a time study and direct observation. We considered 40 postures adopted during the assembly tasks and applied three assessment methods: Rapid Upper Limb Assessment, Revised Strain Index, and Key Indicator Method. Furthermore, we conducted a questionnaire to collect more indicators of workers\u2019 wellbeing. This multi-method approach demonstrated that the hybrid workstation achieved: (i) a reduction of production times; (ii) an improvement of ergonomic conditions; and (iii) an enhancement of workers\u2019 wellbeing. This ergonomic lean study based on human-centered principles proved to be a valid and efficient method to implement and assess collaborative workstations, foreseeing the continuous improvement of the involved processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su13041931","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T16:12:10Z","timestamp":1613146330000},"page":"1931","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Lean Manufacturing and Ergonomics Integration: Defining Productivity and Wellbeing Indicators in a Human\u2013Robot Workstation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1138-1534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Colim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DTx Colab, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Morgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0874-8593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Carneiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ALGORITMI Centre, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9348-8038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N\u00e9lson","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ALGORITMI Centre, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Faria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DTx Colab, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nuno","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ALGORITMI Centre, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7219-1518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds A.","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DTx Colab, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9421-9123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Arezes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ALGORITMI Centre, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varela, L., Ara\u00fajo, A., \u00c1vila, P., Castro, H., and Putnik, G. 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