{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T03:05:48Z","timestamp":1775876748918,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,20]],"date-time":"2021-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Programa Operacional Madeira 14\u201320, Portugal 2020, and the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund","award":["M1420-01-0145-FEDER-000011 [CASBio]."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M1420-01-0145-FEDER-000011 [CASBio]."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Overexploitation of resources makes the reutilization of waste a focal topic of modern society, and the question of the kind of wastes that can be used is continuously raised. Sewage sludge (SS) is derived from the wastewater treatment plants, considered important underused biomass, and can be used as a biofertilizer when properly stabilized due to the high content of inorganic matter, nitrate, and phosphorus. However, a wide range of pollutants can be present in these biosolids, limiting or prohibiting their use as biofertilizer, depending on the type and origin of industrial waste and household products. Long-term applications of these biosolids could substantially increase the concentration of contaminants, causing detrimental effects on the environment and induce hyperaccumulation or phytotoxicity in the produced crops. In this work, some critical parameters for soils and SS agronomic use, such as organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium (NPK), and heavy metals concentration have been reviewed. Several cases of food crop production and the accumulation of heavy metals after SS application are also discussed. SS production, usage, and legislation in EU are assessed to determine the possibility of sustainable management of this bioresource. Additionally, the World Health Organization (WHO) and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) guidelines are addressed. The opportunity to produce bioenergy crops, employing sewage sludge to enhance degraded land, is also considered, due to energy security. Although there are numerous advantages of sewage sludge, proper screening for heavy metals in all the variants (biosolids, soil, food products) is a must. SS application requires appropriate strict guidelines with appropriate regulatory oversight to control contamination of agricultural soils.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su13042317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,21]],"date-time":"2021-02-21T23:59:31Z","timestamp":1613951971000},"page":"2317","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":120,"title":["Review of Sewage Sludge as a Soil Amendment in Relation to Current International Guidelines: A Heavy Metal Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Nuno","family":"Nunes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ISOPlexis Centre Sustainable Agriculture and Food Technology, University of Madeira. Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1822-5473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Ragonezi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISOPlexis Centre Sustainable Agriculture and Food Technology, University of Madeira. Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9309-4613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla S.S.","family":"Gouveia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISOPlexis Centre Sustainable Agriculture and Food Technology, University of Madeira. Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5084-870X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel \u00c2.A.","family":"Pinheiro de Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISOPlexis Centre Sustainable Agriculture and Food Technology, University of Madeira. Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2018.01.024","article-title":"Extractability and crop transfer of potentially toxic elements from mediterranean agricultural soils following long-term sewage sludge applications as a fertilizer replacement to barley and maize crops","volume":"75","author":"Iglesias","year":"2018","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Shaheen, S.M., Jiang, Y., Li, R., Slan\u00fd, M., Abdelrahman, H., Kwon, E., Bolan, N., Rinklebe, J., and Zhang, Z. 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