{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T16:56:54Z","timestamp":1762102614230,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]],"date-time":"2021-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011596","name":"Conselleria d'Educaci\u00f3, Investigaci\u00f3, Cultura i Esport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GV\/2019\/070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GV\/2019\/070"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011596","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo de Chile (ANID)","award":["FONDECYT REGULAR 1211135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FONDECYT REGULAR 1211135"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP \/ 04029\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP \/ 04029\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-033990 iNBRail"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-033990 iNBRail"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>One of the ways of lessening the CO2 emissions of cement industry consists of replacing clinkers with supplementary cementitious materials. The required service life of real construction elements is long, so it is useful to characterize the performance of these materials in the very long term. Here, the influence of incorporating waste glass powder as a supplementary cementitious material, regarding the microstructure and durability of mortars after 1500 hardening days (approximately 4 years), compared with reference mortars without additions, was studied. The percentages of clinker replacement by glass powder were 10% and 20%. The microstructure was studied using impedance spectroscopy and mercury intrusion porosimetry. Differential thermal and X-ray diffraction analyses were performed for assessing the pozzolanic activity of glass powder at the end of the time period studied. Water absorption after immersion, the steady-state diffusion coefficient, and length change were also determined. In view of the results obtained, the microstructure of mortars that incorporated waste glass powder was more refined compared with the reference specimens. The global solid fraction and pores volume were very similar for all of the studied series. The addition of waste glass powder reduced the chloride diffusion coefficient of the mortars, without worsening their behaviour regarding water absorption after immersion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su13073979","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]],"date-time":"2021-04-02T10:34:09Z","timestamp":1617359649000},"page":"3979","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects after 1500 Hardening Days on the Microstructure and Durability-Related Parameters of Mortars Produced by the Incorporation of Waste Glass Powder as a Clinker Replacement"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Rosa Mar\u00eda","family":"Tremi\u00f1o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Civil, Universidad de Alicante, Ap. Correos 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Real-Herraiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Matem\u00e1tica Multidisciplinar, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s\/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2456-8595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viviana","family":"Letelier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Obras Civiles, Universidad de la Frontera, Av. Fco. Salazar, Temuco 01145, Chile"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8648-678X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando G.","family":"Branco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISISE, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra, R. Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1038-8638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Marcos","family":"Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Civil, Universidad de Alicante, Ap. Correos 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2020.11.020","article-title":"Challenges against CO2abatement strategies in cement industry: A review","volume":"104","author":"Benhelal","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, C.-Y., Yu, B., Chen, J.-M., and Wei, Y.-M. (2021). Green transition pathways for cement industry in China. Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 166.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2020.105355"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2014.11.067","article-title":"Assessment of Construction and Demolition Waste plant management in Spain: In pursuit of sustainability and eco-efficiency","volume":"90","author":"Medina","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.10.015","article-title":"Chlorine diffusion resistivity of sustainable green concrete in harsh marine environments","volume":"142","author":"Valipour","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2014.03.018","article-title":"Effect of supplementary cementitious materials on reduction of CO2 emissions from concrete","volume":"103","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-0618(02)00026-0","article-title":"Basic rheological and mechanical properties of high-volume fly ash grouts","volume":"16","author":"Mirza","year":"2002","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"628","article-title":"Performance of slag concrete in marine environment","volume":"105","author":"Thomas","year":"2008","journal-title":"ACI Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, W., Lo, Y.T., Wang, W., Ouyang, D., Wang, P., and Xing, F. (2016). Pozzolanic Reactivity of Silica Fume and Ground Rice Husk Ash as Reactive Silica in a Cementitious System: A Comparative Study. Materials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma9030146"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.05.062","article-title":"Pozzolanic properties of brick powders and their effect on the properties of modified lime mortars","volume":"120","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-14392011005000001","article-title":"Potential use of natural red mud as pozzolan for Portland cement","volume":"14","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2014.08.092","article-title":"Recycled waste glass as fine aggregate replacement in cementitious materials based on Portland cement","volume":"72","author":"Rashad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2020, January 20). EPA Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures, Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/smm\/advancing-sustainable-materials-management-facts-and-figures."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2020, January 20). FEVE Best Performing Bottle to Bottle Closed Loop Recycling System. Available online: http:\/\/feve.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Press-Release-EU.pdf."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.08.016","article-title":"Utilization of waste glass powder in the production of cement and concrete","volume":"124","author":"Aliabdo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2012.04.027","article-title":"Durability of mortar using waste glass powder as cement replacement","volume":"36","author":"Matos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(99)00213-6","article-title":"Studies on concrete containing ground waste glass","volume":"30","author":"Shao","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2007.12.001","article-title":"Influence of a fine glass powder on cement hydration: Comparison to fly ash and modeling the degree of hydration","volume":"38","author":"Schwarz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(03)00251-5","article-title":"Value-added utilisation of waste glass in concrete","volume":"34","author":"Shayan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.006","article-title":"Physical and mechanical properties of cementitious composites containing recycled glass powder (RGP) and styrene butadiene rubber (SBR)","volume":"104","author":"Parghi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.06.010","article-title":"Effect of glass powders on the mechanical and durability properties of cementitious materials","volume":"98","author":"Kamali","year":"2015","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2005.12.012","article-title":"Performance of glass powder as a pozzolanic material in concrete: A field trial on concrete slabs","volume":"36","author":"Shayan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2016.10.010","article-title":"Properties of high volume glass powder concrete","volume":"75","author":"Du","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2013.05.058","article-title":"ASR of mortars containing glass","volume":"47","author":"Serpa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2013.07.006","article-title":"Mechanical properties of concrete containing waste glass powder and rice husk ash","volume":"116","author":"Madandoust","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2011.05.006","article-title":"Feasibility of using recycled glass in architectural cement mortars","volume":"33","author":"Ling","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.006","article-title":"Performance of glass-powder concrete in field applications","volume":"109","author":"Omran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1002\/suco.201500143","article-title":"Mechanical properties of concrete with recycled aggregates and waste glass","volume":"18","author":"Letelier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Struct. Concr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.085","article-title":"An investigation into the hydration and microstructure of cement pastes modified with glass powders","volume":"112","author":"Kamali","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2014.07.020","article-title":"Glass waste as supplementary cementing materials: The effects of glass chemical composition","volume":"55","author":"Bignozzi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2013.02.040","article-title":"Chemical behaviour of ground waste glass when used as partial cement replacement in mortars","volume":"44","author":"Khmiri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"European Committee for Standardization (2004). EN 1992-1-1 Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures\u2014Part 1-1: General Rules and Rules for Buildings."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"AENOR UNE-EN 197-1:2011 (2011). Composici\u00f3n, Especificaciones y Criterios de Conformidad de los Cementos Comunes, Asociaci\u00f3n Espa\u00f1ola de Normalizaci\u00f3n y Certificaci\u00f3n."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"AENOR UNE-EN 196-1:2005 (2005). M\u00e9todos de Ensayo de Cementos. Parte 1: Determinaci\u00f3n de Resistencias Mec\u00e1nicas, Asociaci\u00f3n Espa\u00f1ola de Normalizaci\u00f3n y Certificaci\u00f3n."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(00)00370-7","article-title":"Mercury porosimetry","volume":"30","author":"Diamond","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2007.08.016","article-title":"Microstructural evolution of cemented paste backfill: Mercury intrusion porosimetry test results","volume":"37","author":"Ouellet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(02)00720-2","article-title":"Impedance spectroscopy study of hardened Portland cement paste","volume":"32","author":"Cabeza","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2005.02.125","article-title":"Impedance spectroscopy to characterize the pore structure during the hardening process of Portland cement paste","volume":"51","author":"Cabeza","year":"2006","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.05.037","article-title":"The review of pore structure evaluation in cementitious materials by electrical methods","volume":"117","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"ASTM (2006). ASTM C642\u201406 Standard Test Method for Density, Absorption, and Voids in Hardened Concrete, ASTM International."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Malhotra, V.M. (2000, January 4\u20139). Methodology based on the electrical resistivity for the calculation of reinforcement service life. Proceedings of the 5th CANMET\/ACI International Conference on Durability of Concrete, Supplementary Papers, Barcelona, Spain."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"ASTM (2001). ASTM C596\u201401 Standard Test Method for Drying Shrinkage of Mortar Containing Hydraulic Cement, ASTM International."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/0950-0618(95)00014-3","article-title":"Benefits of slag and fly ash","volume":"10","author":"Bijen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2014.11.007","article-title":"Waste glass sludge as a partial cement replacement in mortar","volume":"75","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.118","article-title":"Improving the performance of architectural mortar containing 100% recycled glass aggregates by using SCMs","volume":"153","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Letelier, V., Henr\u00edquez-Jara, B.I., Manosalva, M., Parodi, C., and Ortega, J.M. (2019). Use of waste glass as a replacement for raw materials in mortars with a lower environmental impact. Energies, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/en12101974"}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/13\/7\/3979\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T14:11:07Z","timestamp":1760364667000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/13\/7\/3979"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["su13073979"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su13073979","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2071-1050"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]]}}}