{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T03:31:01Z","timestamp":1768707061697,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study provides an analysis of the existing relationship between culture, entrepreneurship, and orientation towards innovation at the national level. Drawing on the creation of an Artificial Neural Network, and using a sample of 37 countries, this paper aims to catalogue each country as innovation-oriented or non-innovation-oriented considering the six cultural dimensions proposed by Hofstede\u2019s model and the country\u00b4s entrepreneurial activity. The results achieved suggest that three of the cultural dimensions\u2014long-term orientation, individualism, and indulgence\u2014are positively associated with the consideration of a country as innovation-oriented, but one of them\u2014uncertainty avoidance\u2014is associated with the consideration of a country as non-innovation-oriented. On the other hand, while power distance and masculinity do not seem to be significant variables in this analysis, the entrepreneurial activity rate is associated with countries classified as non-innovation-oriented. This study aims to shed light on the relationships between cultural values, entrepreneurship, and orientation towards innovation, providing valuable information for stakeholders, mainly those belonging to private sector and governments, when designing strategies aimed at creating favourable environments for the development of a country\u2019s technology, research, and innovation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su13084257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T11:05:06Z","timestamp":1618225506000},"page":"4257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["How Can Cultural Values and Entrepreneurship Lead to the Consideration of Innovation-Oriented or Non-Innovation-Oriented Countries?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"M. \u00c1ngeles","family":"L\u00f3pez-Cabarcos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Business Administration, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Pi\u00f1eiro-Chousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Accounting and Finance, Faculty of Business Administration, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4173-8998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lara","family":"Qui\u00f1o\u00e1-Pi\u00f1eiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Business Administration, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0442-4447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Santos-Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gest\u00e3o, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-348 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"OECD\/Eurostat (2018). Oslo Manual 2018: Guidelines for Collecting, Reporting and Using Data on Innovation, Eurostat. [4th ed.]. The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filser, M., Kraus, S., Roig-Tierno, N., Kailer, N., and Fischer, U. (2019). Entrepreneurship as catalyst for sustainable development: Opening the black box. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11164503"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ionescu, G.H., Firoiu, D., P\u00eervu, R., Enescu, M., R\u0103doi, M.-I., and Cojocaru, T.M. (2020). The potential for innovation and entrepreneurship in EU countries in the context of sustainable development. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12187250"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6486.2008.00814.x","article-title":"Combinative effects of innovation types and organizational performance: A longitudinal study of service organizations","volume":"46","author":"Damanpour","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Manag. Stud."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2016.04.144","article-title":"What are the conditions for good innovation results? A fuzzy-set approach for European Union","volume":"69","author":"Ferreira","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-015-2769-z","article-title":"Responsible innovation and the innovation of responsibility: Governing sustainable development in a globalized world","volume":"143","author":"Voegtlin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Bus. Ethics"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2017.04.005","article-title":"Configurational conditions of national innovation capability: A fuzzy set analysis approach","volume":"120","author":"Khedhaouria","year":"2017","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Cabarcos, M.\u00c1., Pi\u00f1eiro-Chousa, J., and Qui\u00f1o\u00e1-Pi\u00f1eiro, L. (2020). An approach to a country\u2019s innovation considering cultural, economic, and social conditions. Economic Res. Ekonomska Istra\u017eivanja, 1\u201320.","DOI":"10.1080\/1331677X.2020.1838314"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/0883-9026(93)90011-S","article-title":"Cultural influences on national rates of innovation","volume":"8","author":"Shane","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Bus. Ventur."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1177\/1069397111423898","article-title":"Hofstede and Shane revisited: The role of power distance and individualism in national-level innovation success","volume":"46","author":"Rinne","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cross-Cult. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00599","article-title":"Culture, institutions and the wealth of nations","volume":"99","author":"Gorodnichenko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Econ. Stat."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1730001","DOI":"10.1142\/S136391961730001X","article-title":"The relationship between national culture dimensions and degree of innovation","volume":"21","author":"Prim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Innov. Manag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1177\/1069397118785546","article-title":"Not only individualism: The effects of long-term orientation and other cultural variables on national innovation success","volume":"53","author":"Bukowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cross-Cult. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2020.12.014","article-title":"Culture as antecedent of national innovation performance: Evidence from neo-configurational perspective","volume":"125","author":"Tekic","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altantsetseg, P., Dadvari, A., Munkhdelger, T., Lkhagvasuren, G.-O., and Moslehpour, M. (2020). Sustainable development of entrepreneurial orientation through social drivers. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12218816"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2013.08.016","article-title":"National systems of entrepreneurship: Measurement issues and policy implications","volume":"43","author":"Acs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. Policy"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"United Nations (2020, October 09). Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Available online: https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/57b6e3e44.html."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture\u2019s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations across Nations, Sage Publications. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Trompenaars, F., and Hampden-Turner, C. (1997). Riding the Waves of Culture: Understanding Cultural Diversity in Business, Nicholas Brealey Publishing. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G.J., and Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and Organizations, Software of the Mind: Intercultural Cooperation and Its Importance for Survival, McGraw-Hill. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inglehart, R. (1997). Modernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in 43 Societies, Princeton University Press.","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691214429"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"House, R.J., Hanges, P.J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P.W., and Gupta, V. (2004). Culture, Leadership, and Organizations: The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies, Sage publications."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1163\/156913306778667357","article-title":"A theory of cultural value orientations: Explication and applications","volume":"5","author":"Schwartz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comp. Sociol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jibs.8400202","article-title":"A quarter century of Culture\u2019s Consequences: A review of empirical research incorporating Hofstede\u2019s cultural values framework","volume":"37","author":"Kirkman","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Int. Bus. Stud."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jibs.8400150","article-title":"Culture and international business: Recent advances and their implications for future research","volume":"36","author":"Leung","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Int. Bus. Stud."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1177\/0018726702551004","article-title":"Hofstede\u2019s model of national cultural differences and their consequences: A triumph of faith\u2014A failure of analysis","volume":"55","author":"McSweeney","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum. Relat."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022196272006","article-title":"National culture and the values of organizational employees: A dimensional analysis across 43 nations","volume":"27","author":"Smith","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Cross-Cult. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/gsj.1098","article-title":"Are scores on Hofstede\u2019s dimensions of national culture stable over time? A cohort analysis","volume":"5","author":"Beugelsdijk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Strategy J."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Hofstede, G. (1984). Culture\u2019s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values, Sage Publications."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"58","article-title":"Managing differences: The central challenge of global strategy","volume":"85","author":"Ghemawat","year":"2007","journal-title":"Harv. Bus. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.4250120406","article-title":"Interpreting and responding to strategic issues: The impact of national culture","volume":"12","author":"Schneider","year":"1991","journal-title":"Strateg. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1108\/00251740910984578","article-title":"Towards a multidisciplinary definition of innovation","volume":"47","author":"Baregheh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Manag. Decis."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Cornell University, INSEAD, and WIPO (2017). The Global Innovation Index 2017: Innovation Feeding the World, WIPO. Available online: https:\/\/www.wipo.int\/publications\/en\/details.jsp?id=4193?plang=ZH."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"833","article-title":"Competitiveness and entrepreneurship, and their effects on economic growth","volume":"5","author":"Khyareh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Manag. Account. Econ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s11187-005-2000-1","article-title":"Entrepreneurship, innovation and economic growth: Evidence from GEM data","volume":"24","author":"Wong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Small Bus. Econ."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"437","article-title":"The impact of entrepreneurship on economic growth","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Acs","year":"2003","journal-title":"Handbook of Entrepreneurship Research"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1080\/05775132.1992.11471626","article-title":"Small business economics: A global perspective","volume":"35","author":"Acs","year":"1992","journal-title":"Challenge"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s11187-009-9230-6","article-title":"Relationship between individualist\u2013collectivist culture and entrepreneurial activity: Evidence from global entrepreneurship monitor data","volume":"37","author":"Pinillos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Small Bus. Econ."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Wildeman, R.E., Hofstede, G., Noorderhaven, N.G., Thurik, A.R., Verhoeven, W.H.J., and Wennekers, A.R.M. (1998). Culture\u2019s Role in Entrepreneurship, Rotterdam Institute for Business Studies. Self-Employment Out of Dissatisfaction."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2018.11.034","article-title":"G. When do entrepreneurial intentions lead to actions? The role of national culture","volume":"96","author":"Bogatyreva","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Global Entrepreneurship Research Association [GERA] (2020, October 09). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: Global Report 2016\/17; 2017. Available online: https:\/\/www.gemconsortium.org\/report\/49812."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/14479338.2018.1537716","article-title":"Culture, innovation and entrepreneurship","volume":"21","author":"Lounsbury","year":"2018","journal-title":"Innovation"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"United Nations Statistics Division [UNSD] (2020, October 09). Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use. M49 Standard Print Version 1999, Available online: https:\/\/unstats.un.org\/unsd\/methodology\/m49\/."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"World Bank (2020, October 09). Research and Development Expenditure (% of GDP); 2020. Available online: https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Bosma, N., Hill, S., Ionescu-Somers, A., Kelley, D., Levie, J., and Tarnawa, A. (2020, October 09). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: 2019\/2020 Global Report. Available online: https:\/\/www.gemconsortium.org\/file\/open?fileId=50443."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Larose, D.T. (2006). Data Mining Methods and Models, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471756482"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"351","article-title":"Comparison of classification performance of selected algorithms using rural development investments support programme data","volume":"20","author":"Alan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Kafkas \u00dcniv. Vet. Fak\u00fcltesi Derg."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Witten, I.H., Frank, E., Hall, M.A., and Pal, C.J. (2016). The WEKA Workbench. Online Appendix for \u201cData Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques\u201d, Morgan Kaufmann. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Witten, I.H., and Frank, E. (2005). Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"52","article-title":"Application of machine learning algorithms for business failure prediction","volume":"8","author":"Aktan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Investig. Manag. Financ. Innov."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aldrich, H.E., and Ruef, M. (2006). Organizations Evolving, Sage Publications. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446212509"}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/13\/8\/4257\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T14:34:21Z","timestamp":1760366061000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/13\/8\/4257"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["su13084257"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su13084257","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2071-1050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]]}}}