{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T08:50:26Z","timestamp":1776934226521,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,23]],"date-time":"2021-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since the turn of twenty first century, economic policy uncertainty (EPU) and geopolitical risk (GPR) have escalated across the globe. These two factors have both economic and environmental impacts. However, there exists dearth of literature that expounds the impact of EPU and GPR on environmental degradation. This study, therefore, probes the impact of EPU and GPR on ecological footprint (proxy for environmental degradation) in selected emerging economies. Cross-sectional dependence test, slope heterogeneity test, Westerlund co-integration test, fully modified least ordinary least square estimator, dynamic OLS estimator, and augmented mean group estimator are employed to conduct the robust analyses. The findings reveal that EPU and non-renewable energy consumption escalate ecological footprint, whereas GPR and renewable energy plunge ecological footprint. In addition, findings from the causality test reveal both uni-directional and bi-directional causality between a few variables. Based on the findings, we deduce several policy implications to accomplish the sustainable development goals in emerging economies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su13115866","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]],"date-time":"2021-05-24T02:32:43Z","timestamp":1621823563000},"page":"5866","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":127,"title":["Do Economic Policy Uncertainty and Geopolitical Risk Lead to Environmental Degradation? Evidence from Emerging Economies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1882-0907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Khalid","family":"Anser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Administration, Xi\u2019an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710055, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9328-0907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qasim Raza","family":"Syed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Tariff Commission, Ministry of Commerce, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6847-0274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hooi Hooi","family":"Lean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Economics Program, School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5355-3707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew Adewale","family":"Alola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics and Finance, Istanbul Gelisim University, Istanbul 34310, Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Financial Technologies, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4376-8410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Munir","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjw024","article-title":"Measuring economic policy uncertainty","volume":"131","author":"Baker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Q. 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