{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:28:26Z","timestamp":1772252906766,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]],"date-time":"2021-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["PCIF\/MOS\/0046\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCIF\/MOS\/0046\/2017"]}]},{"name":"Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Centre - LEAF","award":["UID\/AGR\/04129\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/AGR\/04129\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper explores the role of landscape planning as a tool for rural fire prevention. It presents a methodology for a fire resilient and sustainable landscape model (FIRELAN) that articulates the ecological and cultural components in a suitable and multifunction land-use plan. FIRELAN is a conceptual and ecologically based model that recognizes river basin\u2019 land morphology, microclimate and species combustibility as the fundamental factors that determine fire behavior and landscape resilience, along with the ecological network (EN) for achieving ecological sustainability of the landscape. The model is constituted by the FIRELAN Network and the Complementary Areas. This network ensures the effectiveness of discontinuities in the landscape with less combustible land-uses. It also functions as a fire-retardant technique and protection of wildland-urban interface (WUI). This model is applied to municipalities from Portugal\u2019s center region, a simplified landscape severely damaged by recurrent rural fires. The results show that land-use and tree species composition should change drastically, whereas about 72% of the case study needs transformation actions. This requires a significant increase of native or archaeophytes species, agricultural areas, landscape discontinuities and the restoration of biodiversity in Natura 2000 areas. The EN components are 79% of the FIRELAN N area, whose implementation ensures soil and water conservation, biodiversity and habitats. This paper contributes to the discussion of the Portuguese rural fires planning framework.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su13137055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]],"date-time":"2021-06-23T21:14:51Z","timestamp":1624482891000},"page":"7055","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["FIRELAN\u2014An Ecologically Based Planning Model towards a Fire Resilient and Sustainable Landscape. A Case Study in Center Region of Portugal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Manuela R.","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7541-2232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nat\u00e1lia S.","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9141-6076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Selma B.","family":"Pena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8728-9788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143070","article-title":"Forest structure, not climate, is the primary driver of functional diversity in north-eastern North America","volume":"762","author":"Thom","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tran, B.N., Tanase, M.A., Bennett, L.T., and Aponte, C. (2020). High-severity wildfires in temperate Australian forests have increased in extent and aggregation in recent decades. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0242484"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tedim, F., Xanthopoulos, G., and Leone, V. (2015). Forest Fires in Europe: Facts and Challenges. Wildfire Hazards, Risks and Disasters, Shroder, J.F., Paton, D., Eds., Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-410434-1.00005-1"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vigna, I., Besana, A., Comino, E., and Pezzoli, A. (2021). Application of the Socio-Ecological System Framework to Forest Fire Risk Management: A Systematic Literature Review. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13042121"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2012.10.050","article-title":"Analysis of large fires in European Mediterranean landscapes: Lessons learned and perspectives","volume":"294","author":"Moreno","year":"2013","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"EEC (2020, May 20). Council Regulation (EEC) No 2158\/92 of 23 July 1992 on Protection of the Community\u2019s Forests Against Fire. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/resource.html?uri=cellar:21b27c38-21fb-11e3-8d1c-01aa75ed71a1.0022.01\/DOC_1&format=PDF."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"EEC (2020, January 20). Council Resolution (EEC) No (1999\/C 56\/01) of 15 December 1998 on a Forestry Strategy for the European Union. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:31999Y0226(01)."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"EC (2020, May 20). COM(2006)302 Final. Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament of 15 June 2006 on an EU Forest Action Plan. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=LEGISSUM%3Al24277."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"EC (2020, May 20). A New EU Forest Strategy: For Forests and the Forest-Based Sector. COM (2013) 659. European Commission. Brussels. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/resource.html?uri=cellar:21b27c38-21fb-11e3-8d1c-01aa75ed71a1.0022.01\/DOC_1&format=PDF."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"UN (2020, May 20). Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Available online: https:\/\/sdgs.un.org\/2030agenda."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"EC (2020, April 20). The European Green Deal. COM (2019) 640 Final. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/info\/sites\/info\/files\/european-green-deal-communication_en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"EC (2020, July 20). EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030. Bringing Nature Back into Our Lives. COM (2020) 380 Final. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/resource.html?uri=cellar:a3c806a6-9ab3-11ea-9d2d-01aa75ed71a1.0001.02\/DOC_1&format=PDF."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turco, M., Bedia, J., Liberto, F., Fiorucci, P., Hardenberg, J., Koutsias, N., Llasat, M., Xystrakis, F., and Provenzale, A. (2016). Decreasing Fires in Mediterranean Europe. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150663"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Louren\u00e7o, L. (2018). Forest fires in continental Portugal. Result of profound alterations in society and territorial consequences. M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reboredo, F. (2014). Forest Fires in Portugal: Dynamics, Causes and Policies. Forest Context and Policies in Portugal, Springer. Chapter IV.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-08455-8"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2020, May 20). PORDATA Datasource: ICNF\/MAAC. Available online: https:\/\/www.pordata.pt\/Portugal\/Inc%C3%AAndios+rurais+e+%C3%A1rea+ardida+%E2%80%93+Continente-1192."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., Durrant, T., Boca, R., Libert\u00e0, G., Branco, A., de Rigo, D., Ferrari, D.D., Maianti, P., Vivancos, T.A., and Schulte, E. (2017). Forest Fires in Europe, Middle East and North Africa 2016, Publications Office."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Beighley, M., and Hyde, A.V. (2020, January 20). Gest\u00e3o dos Inc\u00eandios Florestais em Portugal numa Nova Era Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o dos Riscos de Inc\u00eandio, Recursos e Reformas (Portugal Wildfire Management in a New Era). Available online: https:\/\/www.isa.ulisboa.pt\/files\/cef\/pub\/articles\/201804\/2018_Portugal_Wildfire_Management_in_a_New_Era_Portuguese.pdf."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Magalh\u00e3es, M.R. (2013). Para uma Interven\u00e7\u00e3o no Espa\u00e7o Rural Portugu\u00eas in Serr\u00e3o, A.V. (coord.) Filosofia e Arquitectura da Paisagem, Centro de Filosofia da Universidade de Lisboa. Interven\u00e7\u00f5es."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Baptista, O.F. (2001). Decl\u00ednio de um tempo longo (Long time decline). Agriculturas e Territ\u00f3rios, Celta."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.03.121","article-title":"Exploring spatial patterns and drivers of forest fires in Portugal (1980\u20132014)","volume":"573","author":"Nunes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"DGT (2020, January 20). Land Use and Land Cover Map, Available online: https:\/\/snig.dgterritorio.gov.pt\/."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"EFFIS (2020, January 20). Map of Burned Area from 2018. Available online: https:\/\/effis.jrc.ec.europa.eu\/static\/effis_current_situation\/public\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tedim, F., Leone, V., and McGee, T. (2019). Extreme Wildfire Events and Disasters: Root Causes and New Management Strategies, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815721-3.00001-1"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Observat\u00f3rio T\u00e9cnico Independente (OTI) (2020, April 20). Aprova\u00e7\u00e3o dos Planos Regionais de Ordenamento Florestal: Uma Oportunidade Perdida! (Regional Forest Landscape Plans (PROF) Approval: A Lost Opportunity!) Nota informativa 1\/2019. Assembleia da Rep\u00fablica. Available online: https:\/\/www.parlamento.pt\/Documents\/2019\/fevereiro\/Nota-Informativa_1-2019_OTI.pdf."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2020, April 20). PROF Centro Litoral\u2014Portaria n.\u00b0 56\/2019\u2014Di\u00e1rio da Rep\u00fablica n.\u00b0 29\/2019, S\u00e9rie I de 2019-02-11 2019. Available online: https:\/\/dre.pt\/application\/file\/a\/119388383."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walker, B., Holling, C.S., Carpenter, S.R., and Kinzig, A. (2004). Resilience, adaptability and transformability in social\u2013ecological systems. Ecol. Soc., 9, Available online: http:\/\/www.ecologyandsociety.org\/vol9\/iss2\/art5\/.","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-00650-090205"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2011.02.021","article-title":"From fail-safe to safe-to-fail: Sustainability and resilience in the new urban world","volume":"100","author":"Ahern","year":"2011","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban. Plan."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marey-Perez, M., Loureiro, X., Corbelle-Rico, E.J., and Fern\u00e1ndez-Filgueira, C. (2021). DifferentStrategies for Resilience to Wildfires: The Experience of Collective LandOwnership in Galicia (NorthwestSpain). Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13094761"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Magalh\u00e3es, M.R., Abreu, M.M., Lous\u00e3, M., and Cortez, N. (2007). Estrutura Ecol\u00f3gica da Paisagem. Conceitos e Delimita\u00e7\u00e3o\u2014Escalas Regional e Municipal, ISApress."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rothermel, R.C. (1983). How to Predict the Spread and Intensity of Forest and Range Fires, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. Report No. INT-143.","DOI":"10.2737\/INT-GTR-143"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2007.07.001","article-title":"Cork extraction as a key factor determining post-fire cork oak survival in a mountain region of southern Portugal","volume":"253","author":"Moreira","year":"2007","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2001)082[0660:SCOHFR]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Spatial Controls of Historical Fire Regimes: A Multiscale Example from the Interior West, USA","volume":"82","author":"Heyerdahl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JD021993","article-title":"The High Park Fire: Coupled weather-wildland fire model simulation of a windstorm-driven wildfire in Colorado\u2019s Front Range","volume":"120","author":"Coen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1071\/WF12053","article-title":"Assessment of fire selectivity in relation to land cover and topography: A comparison between Southern European countries","volume":"23","author":"Oliveira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Wildland Fire"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Viegas, D.X., and Louren\u00e7o, L. (1989). Os Inc\u00eandios Florestais na Regi\u00e3o Centro, Revista Sociedade e Territ\u00f3rio."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1071\/WF05050","article-title":"Parametric study of Eruptive Fire Behaviour Model","volume":"15","author":"Viegas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Wildland Fire"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dickinson, M.B., Hutchinson, T.F., Dietenberger, M., Matt, F., and Peters, M.P. (2016). Litter Species Composition and Topographic Effects on Fuels and Modeled Fire Behavior in an Oak-Hickory Forest in the Eastern USA. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159997"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2017.04.033","article-title":"Interacting effects of topography, vegetation, human activities and wildland-urban interfaces on wildfire ignition risk","volume":"397","author":"Touza","year":"2017","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1080\/11263500903233250","article-title":"Assessing the relative fire proneness of different forest types in Portugal","volume":"143","author":"Silva","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant Biosyst."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.5424\/fs\/2014233-06115","article-title":"Land cover fire proneness in Europe Forest Systems","volume":"23","author":"Pereira","year":"2014","journal-title":"For. Syst."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2010.11.017","article-title":"Land use and topography influences on wildfire occurrence in northern Portugal","volume":"100","author":"Carmo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban. Plan."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1071\/WF07098","article-title":"Regional variations in wildfire susceptibility of land-cover types in Portugal: Implications for landscape management to minimize fire hazard","volume":"18","author":"Moreira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Wildland Fire"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02443","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.2443","article-title":"Evidence for scale-dependent topographic controls on wildfire spread","volume":"9","author":"Povak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1127(99)00116-4","article-title":"The use of shaded fuelbreaks in landscape fire management","volume":"127","author":"Agee","year":"2000","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Forestry Commission (2014). Building wildfire resilience into forest management planning, Forestry Commission PraCalvinoctice Guide."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Mollison, B. (1988). Permaculture. A Designers\u2019 Manual, Tagari Publications."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"150","article-title":"Seeding and mulching+seeding effects on post-fire runoff, soil erosion and species diversity in Galicia (NW Spain)","volume":"23","author":"Vega","year":"2010","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2018.05.029","article-title":"The effectiveness of two contrasting mulch application rates to reduce post-fire erosion in a Portuguese eucalypt plantation","volume":"169","author":"Keizer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2016.04.002","article-title":"Wildfire risk associated with different vegetation types within and outside wildland-urban interfaces","volume":"372","author":"Touza","year":"2016","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"1","article-title":"Wildfires in the wildland-urban interface: Key concepts and evaluation methodologies","volume":"707","author":"Vieira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2018.02.010","article-title":"Options for reducing house-losses during wildfires without clearing trees and shrubs","volume":"174","author":"Gibbons","year":"2018","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban. Plan."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.04.012","article-title":"Wildfires in the wildland-urban interface in Catalonia: Vulnerability analysis based on land use and land cover change","volume":"673","author":"Badia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.1997.95468.x","article-title":"Ecological Sustainability as a Conservation Concept","volume":"11","author":"Callicott","year":"1997","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2006.04.005","article-title":"Incorporating ecological sustainability into landscape planning","volume":"79","author":"Termorshuizen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban. Plan."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forman, R.T.T. (1995). Land Mosaics: The Ecology of Landscapes and Regions, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/9781107050327"},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Magalh\u00e3es, M.R. (2001). A Arquitectura Paisagista\u2014Morfologia e Complexidade, Editorial Estampa."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2019.04.050","article-title":"Methodology for mapping the national ecological network to mainland Portugal: A planning tool towards a green infrastructure","volume":"104","author":"Cunha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"McHarg, I. (1967). Design with Nature, John Wiley and Sons."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-2046(95)02039-V","article-title":"Greenways as planning strategy","volume":"33","author":"Ahern","year":"1995","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban. Plan."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2003.07.003","article-title":"Greenway planning in the United States: Its origins and recent case studies","volume":"68","author":"Fabos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban. Plan."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1080\/09640568.2015.1042152","article-title":"Developing green infrastructure \u201cthinking\u201d: Devising and applying an interactive group-based methodology for practitioners","volume":"59","author":"Lennon","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Environ. Plan. Manag."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2015.07.009","article-title":"Mapping green infrastructure based on ecosystem services and ecological networks: A Pan-European case study","volume":"54","author":"Liquete","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Policy"},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Magalh\u00e3es, M.R. (2013). Estrutura Ecol\u00f3gica Nacional\u2014Uma Proposta de Delimita\u00e7\u00e3o e Regulamenta\u00e7\u00e3o, ISApress."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"EC (2020, May 20). Green Infrastructure (GI)\u2014Enhancing Europe\u2019s Natural Capital. COM (2013) 249 Final. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:52013DC0249."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.13052\/jge1904-4720.444","article-title":"Implementing green infrastructure and ecological networks in europe: Lessons learned and future perspectives","volume":"4","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Green Eng."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"FAO (2020, December 20). A Framework for Land Evaluation. FAO Soils Bulletin 32. Rome. ISBN 92-5-100111-1. Available online: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/x5310e\/x5310e00.htm."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1007\/s002670010247","article-title":"Land-use suitability analysis in the United States: Historical development and promising technological achievements","volume":"28","author":"Collins","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Magalh\u00e3es, M.R. (2016). Ordem Ecol\u00f3gica e Desenvolvimento. O futuro do territ\u00f3rio portugu\u00eas. Ecological Order and Development. The Future of Portuguese Territory, ISApress."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"ICNF (2020, June 20). Cartografia da Perigosidade Estrutural 2020\u20132030. Available online: http:\/\/www2.icnf.pt\/portal\/florestas\/dfci\/inc\/cartografia\/cartografia-risco-classes-perigosidade."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"EFFIS (2020, January 20). Map of Burned Area from 2017. Available online: https:\/\/effis.jrc.ec.europa.eu\/static\/effis_current_situation\/public\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"PMDFCI (2020, May 20). Fire Protection Municipal Plan from Figueir\u00f3 dos Vinhos 3\u00aa Gera\u00e7\u00e3o (Despachos n\u00b0s 443A\/2018 e 1222B\/2018). Available online: https:\/\/fogos.icnf.pt\/infoPMDFCI\/."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"PDM (2020, May 20). Land-Use Plan from Figueir\u00f3 dos Vinhos, Available online: https:\/\/www.dgterritorio.gov.pt\/ordenamento\/sgt\/igt-vigor."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"159","article-title":"The Ecological Structure of Lisbon","volume":"60","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ekistics"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2018.03.018","article-title":"The land morphology concept and mapping method and its application to mainland Portugal","volume":"325","author":"Cunha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Magalh\u00e3es, M.R.M. (2013). Litoral (Coast). Estrutura Ecol\u00f3gica Nacional, ISAPress. Uma Proposta de Delimita\u00e7\u00e3o e Regulamenta\u00e7\u00e3o (National Ecological Network. A Delimitation and Regulation Proposal)."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2017.11.009","article-title":"Mapping headwater systems using a HS-GIS model. An application to landscape structure and land use planning in Portugal","volume":"71","author":"Pena","year":"2018","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"INAG (2010). Hidrografia. (Hydrography). InterSIG\u2014Gestor de Informa\u00e7\u00e3o Geogr\u00e1fica, I.P. Ag\u00eancia Portuguesa Ambiente. Instituto Nacional da \u00c1gua."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2017.01.077","article-title":"The land morphology approach to flood risk mapping: An application to Portugal","volume":"193","author":"Cunha","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Magalh\u00e3es, M.R., Abreu, M.M., Lous\u00e3, M., and Cortez, N. (2007). Subsistema Solo (Soil Subsystem). Estrutura Ecol\u00f3gica da Paisagem, ISApress. Conceitos e Delimita\u00e7\u00e3o-Escalas Regional e Municipal (Landscape Ecological Network. Concepts and Delimitation-Regional and Municipal Scales)."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2019.114093","article-title":"Water erosion aspects of land degradation neutrality to landscape planning tools at national scale","volume":"363","author":"Pena","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Magalh\u00e3es, M.R.M. (2013). Solo (Soil). Estrutura Ecol\u00f3gica Nacional, ISAPress. Uma Proposta de Delimita\u00e7\u00e3o e Regulamenta\u00e7\u00e3o (National Ecological Network. A Delimitation and Regulation Proposal)."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"Magalh\u00e3es, M.R.M. (2013). Vegeta\u00e7\u00e3o. Estrutura Ecol\u00f3gica Nacional, ISAPress. Uma Proposta de Delimita\u00e7\u00e3o e Regulamenta\u00e7\u00e3o (National Ecological Network. A Delimitation and Regulation Proposal)."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat1359","article-title":"Agricultural policy can reduce wildfire","volume":"359","author":"Moreira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2343","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-016-1291-0","article-title":"Planning landscape with water infiltration. Empirical model to assess maximum infiltration areas in Mediterranean Landscapes","volume":"30","author":"Pena","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"Fu, P., and Rich, P.M. (2000). The Solar Analyst 1.0 Manual, Helios Environmental Modeling Institute (HEMI)."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Magalh\u00e3es, M.R. (2016). Aptid\u00e3o Bioclim\u00e1tica \u00e0s Esp\u00e9cies Arb\u00f3reas (Bioclimatic Suitability of tree species). Ordem Ecol\u00f3gica e Desenvolvimento, ISAPress. O futuro do territ\u00f3rio portugu\u00eas (Ecological Order and Development. The future of Portuguese territory)."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Molchanov, A.A. (1971). Hidrologia Florestal, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Calouste Gulbenkian."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"FAO (2020, December 20). Fire Management: Voluntary Guidelines. Principles and Strategic Actions. Fire Management Working Paper 17. Rome. Available online: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/j9255e\/J9255E00.htm."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"Tedim, F., and Paton, D. (2012). A dimens\u00e3o humana dos inc\u00eandios florestais. O Ordenamento do Territ\u00f3rio na Preven\u00e7\u00e3o dos Inc\u00eandios Rurais, Estrat\u00e9gias Criativas."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2012.10.014","article-title":"Fire-smart management of forest landscapes in the Mediterranean basin under global change","volume":"110","author":"Fernandes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban. Plan."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2020.101143","article-title":"Mountain farmland protection and fire-smart management jointly reduce fire hazard and enhance biodiversity and carbon sequestration","volume":"44","author":"Pais","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2016.07.006","article-title":"A systematic conservation planning approach to fire risk management in Natura 2000 sites","volume":"181","author":"Foresta","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"26","article-title":"Sustainable Forest Management Beyond the Timber-Oriented Status Quo: Transitioning to Co-production of Timber and Non-wood Forest Products\u2014A Global Perspective","volume":"6","author":"Sheppard","year":"2020","journal-title":"For. Manag."}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/13\/13\/7055\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:22:16Z","timestamp":1760163736000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/13\/13\/7055"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["su13137055"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su13137055","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-412512\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2071-1050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]]}}}