{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T04:22:10Z","timestamp":1769833330372,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]],"date-time":"2021-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Throughout time, the global tourism industry and economy have been significantly affected by disasters and crises. At present, COVID-19 represents one of these disasters as it has been causing a serious economic downturn with huge implications in tourism. In this review paper, we have analysed more than 100 papers regarding the effect and consequences of a pandemic on tourism and related industries, the economic situation in countries and areas, and mitigation of the loss incurred due to pandemic situations. The article (1) is based on past research on tourism and economy, (2) examines the effects of a pandemic on listed sectors and mitigation processes, and (3) suggests future research and approaches to help progress the field. We have gathered and categorised the literature reviews into several parts. In addition, we have listed the name of authors, journal names, books, websites, and relevant data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su131810314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]],"date-time":"2021-09-15T12:00:44Z","timestamp":1631707244000},"page":"10314","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["A Review of Research on Tourism Industry, Economic Crisis and Mitigation Process of the Loss: Analysis on Pre, During and Post Pandemic Situation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9321-972X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miraj Ahmed","family":"Bhuiyan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics, Guangdong University of Finance and Economics, Guangzhou 510320, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0451-5576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiziana","family":"Crovella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Management and Business Law, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Largo Abbazia Santa Scolastica, 53-70124 Bari, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7718-538X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annarita","family":"Paiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Management and Business Law, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Largo Abbazia Santa Scolastica, 53-70124 Bari, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5192-2310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Business and Economics, University of Beira Interior, Estrada do Sineiro, 6200-209 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"NECE, University of Beira Interior, Estrada do Sineiro, 6200-209 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2007.05.006","article-title":"Avian influenza: The next pandemic?","volume":"53","author":"McFee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dis. Mon."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhm.2006.02.001","article-title":"Corporate social responsibility and tourism: Hotel companies in Phuket, Thailand, after the Indian Ocean tsunami","volume":"26","author":"Henderson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Hosp. Manag."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2005.04.004","article-title":"The severe acute respiratory syndrome: Impact on travel and tourism","volume":"4","year":"2006","journal-title":"Travel Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"WTTC (2003). Special SARS Analysis: Impact of Travel and Tourism (Hong Kong, C., Singapore and Vietnam Reports), World Travel and Tourism Council."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Terence, B. (2020, February 05). Hotel News Now. Available online: http:\/\/hotelnewsnow.com\/Articles\/300132\/Chinese-hotels-seeing-steepdeclines-from-coronavirus."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"WHO Global Task Force on Cholera Control (2020, February 05). Cholera Outbreak: Assessing the Outbreak Response and Improving Preparedness. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/43017."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pandemics, tourism and global change: A rapid assessment of COVID-19","volume":"29","author":"Scott","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sustain. Tour."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.05.005","article-title":"Cholera in Mexico: The paradoxical benefits of the last pandemic","volume":"10","author":"Sepulveda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2020.06.015","article-title":"Tourism and COVID-19: Impacts and implications for advancing and resetting industry and research","volume":"117","author":"Sigala","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1080\/14616688.2020.1760928","article-title":"Reset redux: Possible evolutionary pathways towards the transformation of tourism in a COVID-19 world","volume":"22","author":"Brouder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tour. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2017.07.019","article-title":"Analysis of optimal timing of tourism demand recovery policies from natural disaster using the contingent behavior method","volume":"64","author":"Okuyama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2013.04.005","article-title":"A network analysis of tourism research","volume":"43","author":"Benckendorff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.71.1.136","article-title":"The effects of school-based intervention programs on aggressive behavior: A meta-analysis","volume":"71","author":"Wilson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jayawardena, R., Ranasinghe, P., Byrne, N.M., Soares, M.J., Katulanda, P., and Hills, A.P. (2012). Prevalence and trends of the diabetes epidemic in South Asia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health, 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-380"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000222703.12018.58","article-title":"China\u2019s Syphilis Epidemic: A Systematic Review of Seroprevalence Studies","volume":"33","author":"Lin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.08.001","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: A systematic review","volume":"277","author":"Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2113","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2113","article-title":"Three months of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Rafiq","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004537","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-004537","article-title":"Evidence of the effectiveness of travel-related measures during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic: A rapid systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Ho","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Global Health"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"tav002","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/tav002","article-title":"The roles of transportation and transportation hubs in the propagation of influenza and coronaviruses: A systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Browne","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Travel Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2019.102812","article-title":"A review of research on tourism risk, crisis and disaster management: Launching the annals of tourism research curated collection on tourism risk, crisis and disaster management","volume":"79","author":"Ritchie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhtm.2016.12.003","article-title":"The swine flu and its impacts on tourism in Brunei","volume":"36","author":"Haque","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2014.07.006","article-title":"Lyme disease: Current issues, implications, and recommendations for tourism management","volume":"46","author":"Donohoe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2020.04.018","article-title":"The Socio-Economic Implications of the Coronavirus and COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review","volume":"78","author":"Nicola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.10.066","article-title":"A systematic review of the social and economic burden of influenza in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"33","author":"Donadel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhm.2020.102556","article-title":"Strategy implementation research in hospitality and tourism: Current status and future potential","volume":"88","author":"King","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Hosp. Manag."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2020.05.061","article-title":"International guidelines and recommendations for surgery during Covid-19 pandemic: A Systematic Review","volume":"79","author":"Moletta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1","article-title":"A content analysis of Chinese news coverage on COVID-19 and tourism","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Tour."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.005","article-title":"The potential impact of COVID-19 on psychosis: A rapid review of contemporary epidemic and pandemic research","volume":"222","author":"Brown","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2017.04.003","article-title":"Effectiveness of personal protective measures in reducing pandemic influenza transmission: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Crispo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2020.04.001","article-title":"Evidence based management guideline for the COVID-19 pandemic\u2014Review article","volume":"77","author":"Nicola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sapharm.2020.07.003","article-title":"Role of pharmacist during the COVID-19 pandemic: A scoping review","volume":"17","author":"Visacri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Soc. Adm. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2020.06.003","article-title":"Ethics for surgeons during the COVID-19 pandemic, review article","volume":"55","author":"Harkin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chaos.2020.110059","article-title":"Applications of machine learning and artificial intelligence for Covid-19 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic: A review","volume":"139","author":"Lalmuanawma","year":"2020","journal-title":"ChaosSolitons Fractals"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1300\/J073v15n04_01","article-title":"Malaysia\u2019s response to the Asian financial crisis: Implications for tourism and sectoral crisis management","volume":"15","author":"Marketing","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Travel Tour. Mark."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1631","article-title":"Service robots as a tool for physical distancing in tourism","volume":"24","author":"Ivanov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Tour."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1080\/14616688.2020.1760926","article-title":"Travel and tourism after COVID-19\u2014Business as usual or opportunity to reset?","volume":"22","author":"Nepal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tour. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1080\/14616688.2020.1759131","article-title":"Pandemics, transformations and tourism: Be careful what you wish for","volume":"22","author":"Hall","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tour. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2019.04.011","article-title":"Impact of crisis events on Chinese outbound tourist flow: A framework for post-events growth","volume":"74","author":"Jina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77e85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2012.11.006","article-title":"Linking tourism into emergency management structures to enhance disaster risk reduction","volume":"36","author":"Becken","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2018.03.006","article-title":"\u2018No Ebola\u2026still doomed\u2019\u2014The Ebola-induced tourism crisis","volume":"70","author":"Novelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2007.10.006","article-title":"Assessing impacts of SARS and Avian Flu on international tourism demand to Asia","volume":"29","author":"Kuo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"195","article-title":"The dynamics of travel avoidance: The case of Ebola in the US","volume":"20","author":"Cahyanto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tour. Manag. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108721","article-title":"Legionella and legionellosis in touristic-recreational facilities: Influence of climate factors and geostatistical analysis in Southern Italy (2001\u20132017)","volume":"178","author":"Fasano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2009.07.015","article-title":"An econometric analysis of SARS and Avian Flu on international tourist arrivals to Asia","volume":"25","author":"McAleer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"100123","article-title":"COVID-19 and airline employment: Insights from historical uncertainty shocks to the industry","volume":"5","author":"Sobieralski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Interdiscip. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2020.102749","article-title":"An early assessment of the impact of COVID-19 on air transport: Just another crisis or the end of aviation as we know it?","volume":"86","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2020.102913","article-title":"Coronavirus pandemic and tourism: Dynamic stochastic general equilibrium modeling of infectious disease outbreak","volume":"83","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2020.102964","article-title":"Coronavirus impacts on post-pandemic planned travel behaviours","volume":"86","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2020.102990","article-title":"An open market valuation of the effects of COVID-19 on the travel and tourism industry","volume":"83","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"(2020, February 05). Antara, (Travel Agencies: We Are Collapsing Because of the Impact of Corona) Bisnis Tempo. Available online: https:\/\/bisnis.tempo.co\/read\/1315728\/dampak-corona-biro-travel-saat-ini-kami-memang-kolaps\/full&view=ok."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Henderson, J.C. (2007). Tourism Crises: Causes, Consequences and Management, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2012.03.003","article-title":"Tourism in a post-conflict situation of fragility","volume":"39","author":"Novelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2020.05.029","article-title":"Marketing innovations during a global crisis: A study of China firms\u2019 response to COVID-19","volume":"116","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmrp.2020.03.011","article-title":"Effects of COVID 19 pandemic in daily life","volume":"10","author":"Haleem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2020.06.004","article-title":"A framework for identifying and mitigating the equity harms of COVID-19 policy interventions","volume":"128","author":"Glover","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Verikios, G., Sullivan, M., Stojanovski, P., Giesecke, J.A., and Woo, G. (2011). The Global Economic Effects of Pandemic Influenza, Centre of Policy Studies (CoPS)."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138882","article-title":"COVID-19 outbreak: Migration, effects on society, global environment and prevention","volume":"728","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econlet.2020.109283","article-title":"Commodity price volatility and the economic uncertainty of pandemics","volume":"193","author":"Bakas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Econ. Lett."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.05.041","article-title":"COVID-19 Pandemic and Challenges for Socio-economic Issues, Healthcare and National Programs in India","volume":"14","author":"Gopalan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Clin. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.irfa.2020.101496","article-title":"Covid-19 pandemic, oil prices, stock market, geo political risk and policy uncertainty nexus in the us economy: Fresh evidence from the wavelet-based approach","volume":"70","author":"Sharif","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Financ. Anal."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbef.2020.100371","article-title":"Economic impact of government interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic: International evidence from financial markets","volume":"27","author":"Ashraf","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Behav. Exp. Financ."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2020.05.030","article-title":"The impact of Covid-19 pandemic on corporate social responsibility and marketing philosophy","volume":"116","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b4571","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b4571","article-title":"The economy-wide impact of pandemic influenza on the UK: A computable general equilibrium modelling experiment","volume":"339","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Correia, S., Luck, S., and Verner, E. (2020, June 05). Pandemics Depress the Economy, Public Health Interventions Do Not: Evidence from the 1918 Flu. Available online: https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=3561560.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3561560"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albert, C., Caggese, A., and Gonz\u00e1lez, B. (2020, February 05). The Short- and Long-Run Employment Impact of COVID-19 through the Effects of Real and Financial Shocks on New Firms, Banco de Espana Working Paper No. 2039. Available online: https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=3749284.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3749284"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indmarman.2020.05.014","article-title":"Analyzing the impact of the coronavirus crisis on business models","volume":"88","author":"Ritter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind. Mark. Manag."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.frl.2020.101604","article-title":"Financial contagion during COVID\u201319 crisis","volume":"38","author":"Akhtaruzzaman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Financ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2020.05.036","article-title":"Competing during a pandemic? Retailers\u2019 ups and downs during the COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"116","author":"Pantano","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"100056","article-title":"Strategies for post-Covid-19 prospects of Sabah\u2019s tourist market\u2014Reactions to shocks caused by pandemic or reflection for sustainable tourism?","volume":"3","author":"Goh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Glob."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Praveen, A. (2021, February 10). How the Travel and Tourism Industry Can Help with COVID-19 Vaccination. Available online: https:\/\/www.thestar.com.my\/opinion\/letters\/2021\/02\/10\/how-the-travel-and-tourism-industry-can-help-with-covid-19-vaccination."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"100648","article-title":"Reviving Indian Tourism amid the Covid-19 pandemic: Challenges and workable solutions","volume":"22","author":"Dash","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Destin. Mark. Manag."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2021, August 01). Accelerating a Safe and Effective COVID-19 Vaccine. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/diseases\/novel-coronavirus-2019\/global-research-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov\/accelerating-a-safe-and-effective-covid-19-vaccine."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Frontline (2021, August 24). COVID Vaccination Poses both a Challenge and an Opportunity. Available online: https:\/\/frontline.thehindu.com\/cover-story\/covid19-vaccination-poses-both-a-challenge-and-an-opportunity\/article33427643.ece."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"NDTV (2021, August 24). Amitabh Bachchan Urges Fans to Take Precautions Against COVID-19. Available online: https:\/\/www.ndtv.com\/video\/entertainment\/news\/amitabh-bachchan-amitabh-bachchan-urges-fans-to-take-precautions-against-covid-19-592622."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharun, K., and Dhama, K. (2021). COVID-19 vaccine diplomacy and equitable access to vaccines amid ongoing pandemic. Arch. Med. Res., in press.","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taab064"},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Dhar, B. (2021, August 24). India\u2019s Vaccine Diplomacy. Available online: https:\/\/www.globalpolicyjournal.com\/blog\/08\/04\/2021\/indias-vaccine-diplomacy."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"100450","article-title":"Exploring the relationship between the COVID-19 pandemic and changes in travel behaviour: A qualitative study","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Interdiscip. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2021.102074","article-title":"Soaring sustainably: Promoting the uptake of sustainable aviation fuelsduring and post-pandemic","volume":"77","author":"Santos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Res. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105309","article-title":"Food purchase and eating behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional survey of Russian adults","volume":"165","author":"Hassen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2021.01.010","article-title":"Urban transport policies in the time of pandemic, and after: An ARDUOUS research agenda","volume":"103","author":"Corazza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101053","article-title":"Global public health security and justice for vaccines and therapeutics in the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"39","author":"Hotez","year":"2021","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2021.06.010","article-title":"A paradigm shift in urban mobility: Policy insights from travel before and after COVID-19 to seize the opportunity","volume":"110","author":"Thombre","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chaos.2020.110176","article-title":"On forecasting the spread of the COVID-19 in Iran: The second wave","volume":"140","author":"Ghanbari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chaos Solitons Fractals"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davis, C.J., Golding, M., and McKay, R. (2021). Efficacy information influences intention to take COVID-19 vaccine. Br. J. Health Psychol., Epub ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1111\/bjhp.12546"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams, N.L., Nguyen, T.H.H., Chiappa, G., Fedeli, G., and Wassler, P. COVID-19 vaccine confidence and tourism at the early stage of a voluntary mass vaccination campaign: A PMT segmentation analysis. Tourism, 2021.","DOI":"10.1080\/13683500.2021.1963216"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2013.12.004","article-title":"Vaccine-preventable diseases: From pediatric to adult targets","volume":"25","author":"Esposito","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.07.015","article-title":"Marketing the COVID-19 vaccine and the implications for public health","volume":"39","author":"Mogaji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1080\/02642069.2021.1938555","article-title":"Evolving impacts of COVID-19 vaccination intentions on travel intentions","volume":"41","author":"Gursoy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Serv. Ind. J."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1080\/14616688.2020.1763445","article-title":"The COVID-19 crisis as an opportunity for escaping the unsustainable global tourism path","volume":"22","author":"Ioanniddes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tour. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2020.104164","article-title":"The coronavirus pandemic\u2014A critical discussion of a tourism research agenda","volume":"81","author":"Zenker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2020.104773","article-title":"Initial impacts of global risk mitigation measures taken during the combatting of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"128","author":"Lequarre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chaos.2020.109968","article-title":"Analysis of the mitigation strategies for COVID-19: From mathematical modelling perspective","volume":"138","author":"Kassa","year":"2020","journal-title":"ChaosSolitons Fractals"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2019.12.009","article-title":"Whole\u2013of\u2013society approach for influenza pandemic epicenter Containment exercise in Indonesia","volume":"13","author":"Wignjadiputro","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2019.05.003","article-title":"Are we prepared for the next influenza pandemic? Lessons from modelling different preparedness policies against four pandemic scenarios","volume":"481","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.18457","article-title":"Perceptions of pandemic influenza vaccines","volume":"8","author":"Marczinski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s10156-006-0453-Z","article-title":"Potential benefits and limitations of various strategies to mitigate the impact of an influenza pandemic","volume":"12","author":"Oshitani","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2020.106424","article-title":"COVID-19 and digital inequalities: Reciprocal impacts and mitigation strategies","volume":"111","author":"Beaunoyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1080\/09669582.2020.1773476","article-title":"Changes in air passenger demand as a result of the COVID-19 crisis: Using Big Data to inform tourism policy","volume":"29","author":"Gallego","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sustain. Tour."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2010.12.007","article-title":"Challenges of global surveillance during an influenza pandemic","volume":"125","author":"Briand","year":"2011","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indmarman.2020.05.016","article-title":"Coopetition and COVID-19: Collaborative business-to-business marketing strategies in a pandemic crisis","volume":"88","author":"Crick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind. Mark. Manag."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.05.001","article-title":"Rethinking pandemic preparation: Global Health Security Index (GHSI) is predictive of COVID-19 burden, but in the opposite direction","volume":"81","author":"Aitken","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2012.02.008","article-title":"Response to the first wave of pandemic (H1N1) 2009: Experiences and lessons learnt from China","volume":"126","author":"Liang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2020.100135","article-title":"A \u201cOne-Health\u201d approach for diagnosis and molecular characterization of SARS-CoV-2 in Italy","volume":"10","author":"Lorusso","year":"2020","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_104","unstructured":"Mahaseth, H., and Goel, N. (2021). Bali: Revitalizing Tourism but at What Cost?, Kathmandu Tribune."},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"13","article-title":"Coronavirus pandemic and its implication on global economy","volume":"4","author":"Abodunrin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. ArtsLang. Bus. Stud."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1080\/14616688.2020.1759130","article-title":"\u201cWe can\u2019t return to normal\u201d: Committing to tourism equity in the post-pandemic age","volume":"22","author":"Benjamin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tour. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1080\/14616688.2020.1759133","article-title":"Ecological grief generates desire for environmental healing in tourism after COVID-19","volume":"22","author":"Crossley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tour. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2012.05.009","article-title":"Contemporary medical tourism: Conceptualisation, culture and commodification","volume":"34","author":"Connell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1080\/13683500.2013.849666","article-title":"Economic crisis and tourism competitiveness in Spain: Permanent effects or transitory shocks?","volume":"19","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Tour."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.06.025","article-title":"South-South medical tourism and the quest for health in Southern Africa","volume":"124","author":"Crush","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.04.016","article-title":"Preparedness and Response to COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia: Building on MERS Experience","volume":"13","author":"Algaissi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/13\/18\/10314\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:00:11Z","timestamp":1760166011000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/13\/18\/10314"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]]},"references-count":111,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["su131810314"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su131810314","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2071-1050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]]}}}