{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T04:43:49Z","timestamp":1774673029059,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,27]],"date-time":"2021-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/GES-URB\/31878\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/GES-URB\/31878\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020.06080.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.06080.BD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Business Improvement Districts (BIDs) have flourished as local governance structures to foster the vitality and viability of traditional shopping districts that have struggled to adapt to retail changes. This paper examines the evolution of placemaking activities that former UK government-funded pilot BIDs have delivered over the last 15 years. Drawing on an exploratory sequential research design that combines a qualitative and quantitative thematic analysis of 72 BIDs\u2019 business plans, the findings suggest that UK BIDs have described a non-hierarchical operational framework as services providers considering that: (i) elementary placemaking services, such as \u2018clean, green and safe\u2019, have regained thematic relevance due to recent environmental sustainability concerns; (ii) higher-tier lobbying and advocacy services have been an operational priority since BIDs\u2019 inception; (iii) while consumer and place marketing\/branding services have seen continual thematic reductions, digital presence and marketing services have emerged as a new category of operational activities. These results extend place management and BID-related literature by discussing the growing role that digital marketing services may perform in the management of town centers and high streets and are relevant to practitioners as it discusses how place management organizations should reposition their operational strategies towards the creation of places of phygital shopping experiences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su132313150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T03:12:40Z","timestamp":1638328360000},"page":"13150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Places of Phygital Shopping Experiences? The New Supply Frontier of Business Improvement Districts in the Digital Age"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5142-7176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Geographical Studies, Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning, University of Lisbon, 1600-276 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2238-0967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Herculano","family":"Cachinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Geographical Studies, Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning, University of Lisbon, 1600-276 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Gardner, C., and Sheppard, J. (1989). The Rise of Retail Culture, Unwin Hyman."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006976407047","article-title":"Spatial dynamics of retail structure and the venerable retail hierarchy","volume":"45","author":"Borchert","year":"1998","journal-title":"GeoJournal"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miles, S. (2016). Retail and the Artifice of Social Change, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315776866"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2012.10.005","article-title":"Consumerscapes and the resilience assessment of urban retail systems","volume":"36","author":"Cachinho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"9","article-title":"Retailing in Europe: 20 years on","volume":"20","author":"Burt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Retail. Distrib. Consum. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1080\/00076791.2018.1494943","article-title":"New perspectives on 20th-Century European retailing","volume":"60","author":"Scott","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bus. Hist."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"150","article-title":"Changing European retail landscapes: New trends and challenges","volume":"26","author":"Kunc","year":"2018","journal-title":"Morav. Geogr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1108\/JPMD-03-2017-0032","article-title":"Improving the vitality and viability of the UK High Street by 2020","volume":"10","author":"Parker","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Place Manag. Dev."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Feather, F. (2001). Futureconsumer.com: The Webolution of Shopping to 2010, Capstone Publishing."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"47","article-title":"The \u2018online high street\u2019 or the high street online? The implications for the urban retail hierarchy","volume":"28","author":"Jones","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Retail. Distrib. Consum. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Wrigley, N., and Brooks, E. (2014). The digital challenge for the high street: Insights from Europe. Evolving High Streets: Resilience & Reinvention, ESRC."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretai.2015.01.002","article-title":"On the Go: How Mobile Shopping Affects Customer Purchase Behavior","volume":"91","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Retail."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretai.2015.02.005","article-title":"From Multi-Channel Retailing to Omni-Channel Retailing: Introduction to the Special Issue on Multi-Channel Retailing","volume":"91","author":"Verhoef","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Retail."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Roederer, C., and Filser, M. (2015). Le marketing Exp\u00e9rientiel: Vers un Marketing de la Cocr\u00e9ation, Magnard-Vuibert."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hubbard, P. (2017). The Battle for the High Street, Palgrave Macmillan.","DOI":"10.1057\/978-1-137-52153-8"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Wrigley, N., and Brooks, E. (2014). High streets and town centres policy. Evolving High Streets: Resilience & Reinvention, ESRC."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Turner, C., Griffiths, J., and Renowden, J. (2021). Shaping the Future of the BID Industry: An Analytical Review of Business Improvement Districts During the Pandemic and Their Plans and Needs for the Future, British BIDs."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1108\/JOSM-05-2020-0151","article-title":"Beyond panic buying: Consumption displacement and COVID-19","volume":"32","author":"Hall","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Serv. Manag."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1111\/tesg.12453","article-title":"Digital Transition by COVID-19 Pandemic? The German Food Online Retail","volume":"111","author":"Dannenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tijdschrift Econ. Soc. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jayne, M. (2006). Cities and Consumption, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203358733"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progress.2012.04.002","article-title":"Local experiences of urban sustainability: Researching Housing Market Renewal interventions in three English neighbourhoods","volume":"78","author":"Turcu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Plann."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1080\/1028663042000212355","article-title":"Urban regeneration, arts programming and major events-Glasgow 1990, Sydney 2000 and Barcelona 2004","volume":"10","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Cult. Policy"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1068\/a38105","article-title":"Performance Measurement in UK Town Centre Management Schemes and US Business Improvement Districts: Comparisons and UK Implications","volume":"39","author":"Hogg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. A"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.2753\/PMR1530-9576350402","article-title":"The Management and Measurement of Public-Private Partnerships","volume":"35","author":"Grossman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Public Perform. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Houstoun, L.O.J. (2003). Business Improvement Districts, Urban Land Institute."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.2307\/1123583","article-title":"A Government for Our Time? Business Improvement Districts and Urban Governance","volume":"99","author":"Briffault","year":"1999","journal-title":"Columbia Law Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Science Rocket, and Future of London (2016). The Evolution of London\u2019s Business Improvement District, Future of London."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.2747\/0272-3638.28.8.781","article-title":"\u201cCreating a Personality for Downtown\u201d: Business Improvement Districts in Milwaukee","volume":"28","author":"Ward","year":"2007","journal-title":"Urban. Geogr"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1108\/JPMD-11-2019-0097","article-title":"Business improvement districts in the UK: A review and synthesis","volume":"13","author":"Grail","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Place Manag. Dev."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Cotterill, E., Grail, J., Mitton, C., Ntounis, N., Parker, C., Quin, S., Smith, D., Steadman, C., and Warnaby, G. (2019). A State-of-the-Art Review of Business Improvement Districts in the UK: Setting the Agenda for Policy, Practice and Research, Institute of Place Management."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-8198.2007.00022.x","article-title":"Business Improvement Districts: Policy Origins, Mobile Policies and Urban Liveability","volume":"1","author":"Ward","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geogr. Compass"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1080\/01900690500409096","article-title":"Importing Ideas: The Transnational Transfer of Urban Revitalization Policy","volume":"29","author":"Hoyt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Public Adm."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1","article-title":"A historical assessment of the world\u2019s first Business Improvement Area (BIA): The case of Toronto\u2019s Bloor West Village","volume":"24","author":"Charenko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can. J. Urban. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-2751(99)00029-3","article-title":"Town centre management by co-operation: Evidence from Sweden","volume":"16","author":"Forsberg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"240","article-title":"Institutionalization of Business Improvement Districts: A Longitudinal Study of the State Laws in the United States","volume":"37","author":"Gautsch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Public Adm. Q."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1080\/01900690500408973","article-title":"Business Improvement Districts in Southern California: Implications for Local Governance","volume":"29","author":"Meek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Public Adm."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"19","article-title":"The Business Improvement District Comes of Age","volume":"19","author":"Briffault","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drexel L. Rev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1177\/089124240101500202","article-title":"Paying for the Public Life","volume":"15","author":"Levy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Econ. Dev. Q."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1177\/089124240101500201","article-title":"Business Improvement Districts and the \u201cNew\u201d Revitalization of Downtown","volume":"15","author":"Mitchell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Econ. Dev. Q."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Mitchell, J. (1999). Business Improvement Districts and Innovative Service Delivery, Pricewaterhouse Coopers."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deas, I., and Hincks, S. (2017). Business improvement districts in the United Kingdom. Territorial Policy and Governance: Alternative Paths, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315734644"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1177\/0042098007088468","article-title":"Mobilising Urban Policies: The Policy Transfer of US Business Improvement Districts to England and Wales","volume":"45","author":"Cook","year":"2008","journal-title":"Urban. Stud."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1177\/0969776411420788","article-title":"Business Improvement Districts (BIDs): The internationalization and contextualization of a \u2018travelling concept\u2019","volume":"19","author":"Peyroux","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Urban. Reg Stud."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"304","article-title":"Urban Improvement Districts in Germany: New legal instruments for joint proprietor activities in area development","volume":"2","author":"Kreutz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Urban. Regen. Renew."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1080\/02697450500261780","article-title":"A case for business improvement districts in Scotland: Policy transfer in practice?","volume":"20","author":"Peel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plan. Pract. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prifti, R., and Jaupi, F. (2021). Entrepreneurial Urban Regeneration: Business Improvement Districts as a Form. of Organizational Innovation, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003103127"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1177\/0969776420925525","article-title":"Introducing Business Improvement Districts (BIDs) in Sweden: A social justice appraisal","volume":"28","author":"Valli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Urban. Reg. Stud."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1080\/02723638.2017.1395611","article-title":"Discrete emergence of neoliberal policies on public space: An informal Business Improvement District in Istanbul, Turkey","volume":"39","author":"Kizildere","year":"2018","journal-title":"Urban. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1068\/c12263b","article-title":"Business Improvement Districts in England and the (Private?) Governance of Urban Spaces","volume":"32","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. C."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoforum.2009.07.003","article-title":"Private sector involvement in urban governance: The case of Business Improvement Districts and Town Centre Management partnerships in England","volume":"40","author":"Cook","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geoforum"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1080\/03003930500095152","article-title":"The Privatisation of Public Space? The American Experience of Business Improvement Districts and their Relationship to Local Governance","volume":"31","author":"Steel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Local Gov. Stud."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1080\/00045608.2010.520211","article-title":"Entrepreneurial Urbanism and Business Improvement Districts in the State of Wisconsin: A Cosmopolitan Critique","volume":"100","author":"Ward","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitchell, J. (2008). Business Improvement Districts and the Shape of American Cities, State University of New York Press.","DOI":"10.1515\/9780791479001"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Hoyt, L. (2003). The Business Improvement District: An Internationally Diffused Approach to Revitalization, Department of Urban Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1177\/0891242404273783","article-title":"Business Improvement Districts in New York City\u2019s Low-Income and High-Income Neighborhoods","volume":"19","author":"Gross","year":"2005","journal-title":"Econ. Dev. Q."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Mor\u00e7\u00f6l, G., Hoyt, L., Meek, J.W., and Zimmermann, U. (2008). The BID Model in Canada and the United States: The Retail-Revitalization Nexus. Business Improvement Districts: Research, Theories, and Controversies, Auerbach Publications."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"1","article-title":"The role of local businesses in addressing multidimensional needs of homeless populations","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hum. Behav. Soc. Environ."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1108\/17538330810865354","article-title":"Finding one\u2019s place in the place management spectrum","volume":"1","author":"Yanchula","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Place Manag. Dev."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Jacobs, J. (1961). The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Random House."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Newman, O. (1972). Defensible Space: Crime Prevention Through Urban Design, Macmillan Publishers."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Wilson, J.Q., and Kelling, G.L. (1982). Broken windows. Atl. Mon., 29\u201338."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"73","article-title":"Out, Damned Spot Socio-economic Hygienic Practices of Business Improvement Districts","volume":"25","author":"Sanscartier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. J. Urban. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2102","DOI":"10.1177\/0042098012471981","article-title":"Business Improvement Associations and Public Area Video Surveillance in Canadian Cities","volume":"50","author":"Walby","year":"2013","journal-title":"Urban. Stud."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1177\/0969776411420023","article-title":"\u2018Clean and safe\u2019 passage: Business Improvement Districts, urban security modes, and knowledge brokers","volume":"19","author":"Lippert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Urban. Reg Stud."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1177\/0042098010396235","article-title":"Ambassadors, Business Improvement District Governance and Knowledge of the Urban","volume":"49","author":"Lippert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Urban. Stud."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"38","article-title":"Traditional or experiential places? Exploring research needs and practitioner challenges in the management of town centres beyond the economic crisis","volume":"9","author":"Carroll","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Urban. Regen. Renew."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1177\/0042098013504008","article-title":"\u2018Alive after five\u2019: Constructing the neoliberal night in Newcastle upon Tyne","volume":"52","author":"Shaw","year":"2013","journal-title":"Urban. Stud."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1080\/01441647.2020.1761907","article-title":"From \u201cstreets for traffic\u201d to \u201cstreets for people\u201d: Can street experiments transform urban mobility?","volume":"40","author":"Bertolini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lydon, M., and Garcia, A. (2015). Tactical Urbanism: Short-Term Action for Long-Term Change, Island Press.","DOI":"10.5822\/978-1-61091-567-0"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"796","article-title":"Business Improvement Districts in Urban Governance: A Longitudinal Case Study","volume":"46","author":"Vasavada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adm. Soc."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6210.2010.02222.x","article-title":"Understanding Business Improvement Districts: A New Governance Framework","volume":"70","author":"Wolf","year":"2010","journal-title":"Public Adm. Rev."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progress.2012.03.002","article-title":"Business Improvement Districts and the recession: Implications for public realm governance and management in England","volume":"77","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Plann."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"House of Commons (2021, October 21). (England) The Business Improvement Districts Regulations, Available online: https:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/uksi\/2004\/2443\/contents\/made."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"National Assembly for Wales (2021, October 21). (Wales) The Business Improvement Districts Regulations, Available online: https:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/wsi\/2005\/1312\/contents\/made."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Scottish Executive (2021, October 21). (Scotland) The Business Improvement Districts Regulations, Available online: https:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/ssi\/2007\/202\/contents\/made."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Department for Social Development (2021, October 21). The Business Improvement Districts (Northern Ireland) Regulations, Available online: https:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/nisr\/2014\/197\/made."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"UK BIDs (2007). Talking BIDs: National BIDs Advisory Service from ATCM, UK BIDs."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"EKOS (2011). Evaluation of Scotland\u2019s Pathfinder Business Improvement Districts (BIDs), EKOS, Economic and Social Development."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Sandford, M. (2018). Business Improvement Districts, House of Commons Library."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1108\/01409170310783655","article-title":"Business improvement districts in town and city centres in the UK","volume":"26","author":"Jones","year":"2003","journal-title":"Manag. Res. News"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.2753\/PMR1530-9576330309","article-title":"Wrestling with the value added of Business Improvement Districts: Efficiency, Accountability, and Contractual Governance in Scotland","volume":"33","author":"Peel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Public Perform. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"228","article-title":"Business Improvement Districts and Town Centre Management: What has been their effectiveness and what are the future directions for these strategies?","volume":"8","author":"Prentice","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Urban. Regen. Renew."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1177\/160940690600500107","article-title":"Demonstrating Rigor Using Thematic Analysis: A Hybrid Approach of Inductive and Deductive Coding and Theme Development","volume":"5","author":"Fereday","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Qual. Methods"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","article-title":"Using thematic analysis in psychology","volume":"3","author":"Braun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Qual. Res. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nowell, L.S., Norris, J.M., White, D.E., and Moules, N.J. (2017). Thematic Analysis: Striving to Meet the Trustworthiness Criteria. Int. J. Qual. Methods, 16.","DOI":"10.1177\/1609406917733847"},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"Cresswell, J.W., and Plano Clark, V. (2018). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research, Sage."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Salda\u00f1a, J. (2016). The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers, Sage."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2005.12.001","article-title":"A longitudinal analysis of sex differences in math and spatial skills in primary school age children","volume":"16","author":"Lachance","year":"2006","journal-title":"Learn. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., and Babib, B.J. (2009). Multivariate Data Analysis, Pearson."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"Cope, N. (1996). Retail in the Digital Age, Bowerdean Pub Co Ltd."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"Morrison, J. (2019). Pixels, bricks and mortar: Can Digital Placemaking Save the High Street?. Calvium, 2021."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duhan, P., and Singh, A. (2019). Let\u2019s Get Phygital: M-Commerce as a Crusader for \u201cPhygital\u201d Retail. M-Commerce. Experiencing the Phygital Retail, Apple Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429487736"},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Pine, B.J., and Gilmore, J.H. (1999). The Experience Economy: Work is Theatre & Every Business a Stage, Harvard Business School Press."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rashid, Z., Peig, E., and Pous, R. (2015, January 26\u201328). Bringing online shopping experience to offline retail through augmented reality and RFID. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on the Internet of Things, Seoul, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/IOT.2015.7356547"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1108\/JOSM-04-2018-0113","article-title":"Customer experience challenges: Bringing together digital, physical and social realms","volume":"29","author":"Bolton","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Serv. Manag."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sparks, L. (2021). Towns, High Streets and Resilience in Scotland: A Question for Policy?. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13105631"}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/13\/23\/13150\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:36:38Z","timestamp":1760168198000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/13\/23\/13150"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,27]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["su132313150"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su132313150","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2071-1050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,27]]}}}