{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T15:33:17Z","timestamp":1768404797533,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]],"date-time":"2021-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638835200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MooB - Multi-objective life cycle optimisation of sustainable and innovative construction materials and buildings"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MooB - Multi-objective life cycle optimisation of sustainable and innovative construction materials and buildings"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Research, Development and Innovation Fund of Hungary","award":["2018-2.1.15-T\u00c9T-PT-2018-00005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-2.1.15-T\u00c9T-PT-2018-00005"]}]},{"name":"National Research, Development and Innovation Fund of Hungary","award":["FK 128663"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FK 128663"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012550","name":"NRDI Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TKP2020 and TKP 2021 IES, Grant BME-IKA-VIZ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TKP2020 and TKP 2021 IES, Grant BME-IKA-VIZ"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012550","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a scientific method for evaluating the environmental impact of products. Standards provide a general framework for conducting an LCA study and calculation rules specifically for buildings. The challenge is to design energy-efficient buildings that have a low environmental impact, reasonable costs, and high thermal comfort as these are usually conflicting aspects. Efficient mathematical optimisation algorithms can be applied to such engineering problems. In this paper, a framework for automated optimisation is described, and it is applied to a multi-story residential building case study in two locations, Portugal and Hungary. The objectives are to minimise the life cycle environmental impacts and costs. The results indicate that optimum solutions are found at a higher cost but lower global warming potential for Portugal than for Hungary. Optimum solutions have walls with a thermal transmittance in the intervals of 0.29\u20130.39 and 0.06\u20130.19 W\/m2K for Portugal and Hungary, respectively. Multi-objective optimisation algorithms can be successfully applied to find solutions with low environmental impact and an eco-efficient thermal envelope.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su132413531","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]],"date-time":"2021-12-07T20:23:21Z","timestamp":1638908601000},"page":"13531","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Environmental and Economic Optimisation of Buildings in Portugal and Hungary"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5702-5183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benedek","family":"Kiss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Construction Materials and Technologies, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111 Budapest, Hungary"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3330-2000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Dinis","family":"Silvestre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Andrade Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6537-7982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zsuzsa","family":"Szalay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Construction Materials and Technologies, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111 Budapest, Hungary"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"EC (2019). Communication from the European Commission: The European Green Deal. COM (2019) 640, EC."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"EC (2020, March 11). Energy Efficiency\u2014Revision of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive. 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