{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T22:41:56Z","timestamp":1776120116223,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]],"date-time":"2022-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PhD scholarships SFRH\/BD\/137421\/2018 and SFRH\/BD\/143636\/2019, NanoAir PTDC\/FIS-MAC\/6606\/2020, UIDB\/04650\/2020, and UIDB\/04029\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PhD scholarships SFRH\/BD\/137421\/2018 and SFRH\/BD\/143636\/2019, NanoAir PTDC\/FIS-MAC\/6606\/2020, UIDB\/04650\/2020, and UIDB\/04029\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The sustainable development of our societies demands strong efforts on scientific and technological research while informing and educating students and the general population. Air pollution and road safety hazards constitute two main public health problems that are insufficiently addressed pedagogically. With this work, we aim to contribute to tackeling the problem by presenting the results of scientific research on the development of photocatalytic, superhydrophobic, and self-cleaning recycled asphalt mixtures to achieve an eco-social friendly and smart material able to mitigate socioenvironmental impacts. The functionalization of asphalt is implemented by spraying particles\u2019 solutions over a conventional AC 10, then evaluated by dye degradation and wettability. Firstly, different particles\u2019 solutions (with nano-TiO2 and\/or micro-PTFE under water, ethyl alcohol, and dimethyl ketone) were sprayed to select the best solution (BS), which was composed of TiO2-PTFE (4 g\/L each) in ethyl alcohol. Two successive spraying coatings (diluted epoxy resin and BS) were performed over conventional and recycled AC 10 (with reclaimed asphalt pavement and steel slags). Their efficiency decreases with the highest resin amounts. The best results were obtained with 0.25 g resin and BS. For the lowest resin amount, all mixtures achieved superhydrophobicity and performed similarly regarding wettability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su14010573","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,9]],"date-time":"2022-01-09T23:08:26Z","timestamp":1641769706000},"page":"573","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Functionalization of Smart Recycled Asphalt Mixtures: A Sustainability Scientific and Pedagogical Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4199-5994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iran Rocha","family":"Segundo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, CTAC, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre of Physics of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), Azur\u00e9m Campus, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9931-7224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Behzad","family":"Zahabizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISISE, Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1830-7548","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Salmon","family":"Landi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Institute Goiano, Rio Verde 75901-970, GO, Brazil"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Orlando","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, CTAC, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"C\u00e1tia","family":"Afonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Physics of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), Azur\u00e9m Campus, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2423-4632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaffer","family":"Borinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Road Engineering Research Section (RERS), EMIB, Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5132-7407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabete","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISISE, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3580-4271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edtor M. C. F.","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISISE, Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Vasco","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Physics of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), Azur\u00e9m Campus, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1554-8779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel F. M.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Physics of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), Gualtar Campus, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9778-5390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquim O.","family":"Carneiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Physics of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), Azur\u00e9m Campus, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021). WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines. Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10), Ozone, Nitrogen Dioxide, Sulfur Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giunta, M., Lo Bosco, D., Leonardi, G., and Scopelliti, F. (2019). Estimation of Gas and Dust Emissions in Construction Sites of a Motorway Project. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11247218"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giunta, M. (2020). Assessment of the Impact of CO, NOx and PM10 on Air Quality during Road Construction and Operation Phases. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su122410549"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2020.106865","article-title":"Assessment of the environmental impact of road construction: Modelling and prediction of fine particulate matter emissions","volume":"176","author":"Giunta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111552","article-title":"Review and analysis of advances in functionalized, smart, and multifunctional asphalt mixtures","volume":"151","author":"Segundo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2014.12.003","article-title":"Application of supported TiO2 onto Iranian clinoptilolite nanoparticles in the photodegradation of mixture of aniline and 2, 4-dinitroaniline aqueous solution","volume":"26","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1080\/19443994.2014.922443","article-title":"Investigation of the photocatalytic activity of supported ZnO\u2013TiO2 on clinoptilolite nano-particles towards photodegradation of wastewater-contained phenol","volume":"55","author":"Bahrami","year":"2015","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rocha Segundo, I., Freitas, E., Landi Jr, S., Costa, M.F.M., and Carneiro, J.O. (2019). Smart, Photocatalytic and Self-Cleaning Asphalt Mixtures: A Literature Review. Coatings, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings9110696"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2012.09.005","article-title":"Development of photocatalytic asphalt mixtures by the deposition and volumetric incorporation of TiO2 nanoparticles","volume":"38","author":"Carneiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, H., Dai, W., Qian, G., Gong, X., Zhou, D., Li, X., and Zhou, X. (2020). The NOx degradation performance of nano-TiO2 coating for asphalt pavement. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10050897"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bocci, E., Riderelli, L., Fava, G., and Bocci, M. (2016). Durability of NO Oxidation Effectiveness of Pavement Surfaces Treated with Photocatalytic Titanium Dioxide. Arab. J. Sci. Eng., 1\u20137.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-016-2168-5"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"18","article-title":"Asphalt nanocomposite with titanium dioxide: Mechanical, rheological and photoactivity performance","volume":"289","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.123597","article-title":"Influence of aging on the physicochemical behavior of photocatalytic asphalt cements subjected to the natural environment","volume":"295","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"e00655","article-title":"The effects of nano zinc oxide (ZnO) and nano reduced graphene oxide (RGO) on moisture susceptibility property of stone mastic asphalt (SMA)","volume":"15","author":"Fakhri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.122135","article-title":"Enhanced photocatalytic decomposition of NO on portland cement concrete pavement using nano-TiO2 suspension","volume":"275","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1080\/14680629.2019.1687008","article-title":"Development of photocatalytic chip seal for nitric oxide removal on the surface of pavement using g-C3N4\/TiO2 composite","volume":"22","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Road Mater. Pavement Des."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.121461","article-title":"Preparation of TiO2\/PS-rGO incorporated SBS modified asphalt with enhanced resistance against ultraviolet aging","volume":"276","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.2174\/2665976X01999200811155905","article-title":"Real-life Field Studies of the NOx Removing Properties of Photocatalytic Surfaces in Roskilde and Copenhagen Airport, Denmark","volume":"2","author":"Jensen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Photocatal."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Pampill\u00f3n, J., Palacios, M., N\u00fa\u00f1ez, L., Pujadas, M., Sanchez, B., Santiago, J.L., and Martilli, A. (2021). NOx depolluting performance of photocatalytic materials in an urban area\u2014Part I: Monitoring ambient impact. Atmos. Environ., 251.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118190"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanchez, B., Santiago, J.L., Martilli, A., Palacios, M., N\u00fa\u00f1ez, L., Pujadas, M., and Fern\u00e1ndez-Pampill\u00f3n, J. (2021). NOx depolluting performance of photocatalytic materials in an urban area\u2014Part II: Assessment through Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations. Atmos. Environ., 246.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2020.118091"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.122870","article-title":"Water resistance and characteristics of asphalt surfaces treated with micronized-recycled-polypropylene waste: Super-hydrophobicity","volume":"285","author":"Dalhat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2021.126927","article-title":"Simple fabrication of asphalt-based superhydrophobic surface with controllable wetting transition from Cassie-Baxter to Wenzel wetting state","volume":"625","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coldregions.2021.103405","article-title":"Ice adhesion behavior of heterogeneous bituminous surfaces","volume":"192","author":"Baheri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cold Reg. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1","article-title":"Coating on Asphalt Pavement","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"36","article-title":"Assessment of photocatalytic, superhydrophobic and self-cleaning properties on hot mix asphalts coated with TiO2 and\/or ZnO aqueous solutions","volume":"166","author":"Ferreira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.10.009","article-title":"Study on effectiveness of anti-icing and deicing performance of super-hydrophobic asphalt concrete","volume":"191","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3141\/2551-02","article-title":"Superhydrophobic Coatings on Asphalt Concrete Surfaces","volume":"2551","author":"Arabzadeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Nascimento, J.H.O., Pereira, P., Freitas, E., and Fernandes, F. (2012, January 28\u201330). Development and characterization of a superhydrophobic and anti-ice asphaltic nanostructured material for road pavements. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Pavements and Technological Control, Auckland, New Zealand."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.08.211","article-title":"Preparation and anti-icing properties of a superhydrophobic silicone coating on asphalt mixture","volume":"189","author":"Peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.119778","article-title":"Impact of incorporating recycled glass on the photocatalytic capacity of paving concrete blocks","volume":"259","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2018.04.030","article-title":"Experimental investigation of photocatalytic effects of concrete in air purification adopting entire concrete waste reuse model","volume":"353","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pratic\u00f2, F.G., Vaiana, R., and Giunta, M. (2012). Sustainable Rehabilitation of Porous European Mixes. Proceedings of the ICSDC 2011, American Society of Civil Engineers.","DOI":"10.1061\/41204(426)66"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pratic\u00f2, F.G., Giunta, M., Mistretta, M., and Gulotta, T.M. (2020). Energy and Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Sustainable Pavement Materials and Technologies for Urban Roads. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12020704"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rocha Segundo, I., Landi Jr., S., Oliveira, S.M.B., de Freitas, E.F., and Carneiro, J.A.O. (2018). Photocatalytic Asphalt Mixtures: Mechanical Performance and Impacts of Traffic and Weathering Abrasion on Photocatalytic Efficiency. Catal. Today.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2018.07.012"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.11648\/j.ejb.20180601.11","article-title":"Effect of Water Submergence on the Characteristics of Bituminous Mixes Using Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement","volume":"6","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.164","article-title":"Photocatalytic pavements with epoxy-bonded TiO2-containing spreading material","volume":"107","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2016.06.199","article-title":"Enhanced photocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanoparticles using SnS2\/RGO hybrid as co-catalyst: DFT study and photocatalytic mechanism","volume":"685","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2016.05.006","article-title":"Coating of cellulose-TiO2 nanoparticles on cotton fabric for durable photocatalytic self-cleaning and stiffness","volume":"150","author":"Madhukar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zahabizadeh, B., Segundo, I.R., Pereira, J., Freitas, E., Cam\u00f5es, A., Tavares, C.J., Teixeira, V., Cunha, V.M.C.F., Costa, M.F.M., and Carneiro, J.O. (2021). Development of Photocatalytic 3D-Printed Cementitious Mortars: Influence of the Curing, Spraying Time Gaps and TiO2 Coating Rates. Buildings, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings11090381"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rocha Segundo, I., Freitas, E., Costa, M.F., and Carneiro, J. (2019, January 4\u20136). Incorporation of steel slag and reclaimed asphalt into pavement surface layers. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference WASTES: Solutions, Treatments and Opportunities, Lisbon, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429289798-72"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.03.113","article-title":"Utilization of steel slag as aggregate in asphalt mixtures for microwave deicing","volume":"152","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.599.193","article-title":"Microwave heating of steel slag asphalt mixture","volume":"599","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Key Eng. Mater."}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/14\/1\/573\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T14:12:51Z","timestamp":1760364771000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/14\/1\/573"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["su14010573"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su14010573","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2071-1050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]]}}}