{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T09:21:02Z","timestamp":1775640062596,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]],"date-time":"2022-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/EAM-AMB\/30726\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/EAM-AMB\/30726\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The majority of microplastics (MP) found in the marine environment have land-based sources and rivers are known as carriers of these particles to the ocean. This work is the first to study MP in the Lis River Basin and coastal shoreline (total nine sampling sites) and the potential relationship with inputs from 105 companies\/units. We report the seasonal abundance, typology, colour, size, and polymer distribution of MP in surface water and sediment. To the collected samples, a digestion protocol was applied, followed by filtration. For sediment, an MP density separation was performed prior to filtration. MP were mostly fibres (0.02 to 1111.11 items.m\u22123 in water and 10.66 to 1609.64 items.kg\u22121 in sediment) and fragments (0.02 to 2311.11 items.m\u22123 in water and 10.66 to 501.01 items.kg\u22121 in sediment). The most frequent colours were transparent and blue, and MP were mostly smaller than 1 mm in water and 2 mm in sediment samples. The most abundant polymers in water were polyethylene (37%), polyacrylate (18%) and polystyrene (18%), and in sediment, polyethylene terephthalate (29%) and polyacrylate (23%). Population density, plastic processing companies and meteorological factors were found to be associated with seasonal MP abundance and distribution patterns in the Lis River Basin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su14042255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]],"date-time":"2022-02-16T20:28:59Z","timestamp":1645043339000},"page":"2255","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Seasonal Abundance and Distribution Patterns of Microplastics in the Lis River, Portugal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7680-3104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u00e1rbara","family":"S\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8261-2099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Pais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8972-0853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Pequeno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"},{"name":"CENTIMFE\u2014Technological Centre for the Mouldmaking, Special Tooling and Plastic Industries, 2430-028 Marinha Grande, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Sobral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0205","article-title":"Accumulation and Fragmentation of Plastic Debris in Global Environments","volume":"364","author":"Barnes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201606957","article-title":"Microplastic in Aquatic Ecosystems","volume":"56","author":"Ivleva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.01.190","article-title":"Microplastics in Freshwater and Terrestrial Environments: Evaluating the Current Understanding to Identify the Knowledge Gaps and Future Research Priorities","volume":"586","author":"Horton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2022, February 09). PlasticsEurope. Available online: https:\/\/plasticseurope.org\/knowledge-hub\/plastics-the-facts-2021\/."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1700782","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1700782","article-title":"Production, Use, and Fate of All Plastics Ever Made","volume":"3","author":"Geyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2018.11.022","article-title":"Microplastics: Finding a Consensus on the Definition","volume":"138","author":"Frias","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2020.103118","article-title":"Atmospheric Microplastics: A Review on Current Status and Perspectives","volume":"203","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2013.06.016","article-title":"Resin Pellets from Beaches of the Portuguese Coast and Adsorbed Persistent Organic Pollutants","volume":"130","author":"Antunes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6453","DOI":"10.1021\/es302011r","article-title":"Microplastic in Terrestrial Ecosystems and the Soil?","volume":"46","author":"Rillig","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19544","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-13184-2","article-title":"Effect of Microplastics in Water and Aquatic Systems","volume":"28","author":"Issac","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7963","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b04702","article-title":"Ups and Downs in the Ocean: Effects of Biofouling on Vertical Transport of Microplastics","volume":"51","author":"Kooi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2022, February 05). LITTERBASE: Online Portal for Marine Litter. Available online: https:\/\/litterbase.awi.de\/interaction_graph."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Espinosa, C., Esteban, M.\u00c1., and Cuesta, A. (2016). Microplastics in Aquatic Environments and Their Toxicological Implications for Fish. Toxicology\u2013New Aspects to this Scientific Conundrum, Books on Demand.","DOI":"10.5772\/64815"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-018-0206-z","article-title":"Microplastics in Seafood and the Implications for Human Health","volume":"5","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Environ. Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Redford, D.P., Trulli, H.K., and Trulli, W.R. (1997). Sources of Plastic Pellets in the Aquatic Environment. Rangel. Syst., 335\u2013343.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-8486-1_30"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.04.034","article-title":"Cadmium, Lead and Bromine in Beached Microplastics","volume":"227","author":"Massos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2019.06.071","article-title":"A Study on Characteristics of Microplastic in Wastewater of South Korea: Identification, Quantification, and Fate of Microplastics during Treatment Process","volume":"146","author":"Hidayaturrahman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3060","DOI":"10.1021\/es2031505","article-title":"Microplastics in the Marine Environment: A Review of the Methods Used for Identification and Quantification","volume":"46","author":"Gutow","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10759","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b03909","article-title":"Scientific Evidence Supports a Ban on Microbeads","volume":"49","author":"Rochman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.02.012","article-title":"Microplastics in Freshwater Systems: A Review of the Emerging Threats, Identification of Knowledge Gaps and Prioritisation of Research Needs","volume":"75","author":"Thompson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"srep34519","DOI":"10.1038\/srep34519","article-title":"A Novel Method for Preparing Microplastic Fibers","volume":"6","author":"Cole","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"117","article-title":"Thermoplastic Foams: Processing, Manufacturing, and Characterization","volume":"6","author":"Altan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Recent Res. Polym."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1177\/8756087906064220","article-title":"Plastic Films for Agricultural Applications","volume":"22","author":"Fontecha","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Plast. Film. Sheeting"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121814","article-title":"Microplastics in Agricultural Soils on the Coastal Plain of Hangzhou Bay, East China: Multiple Sources Other than Plastic Mulching Film","volume":"388","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135579","article-title":"Seasonal Microplastics Variation in Nival and Pluvial Stretches of the Rhine River\u2013From the Swiss Catchment towards the North Sea","volume":"707","author":"Mani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02743038","article-title":"The Degradation of Plastic Litter in Rivers: Implications for Beaches","volume":"2","author":"Williams","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Coast. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosust.2017.08.009","article-title":"Solutions for Global Marine Litter Pollution","volume":"28","author":"Savelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15611","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15611","article-title":"River Plastic Emissions to the World\u2019s Oceans","volume":"8","author":"Lebreton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144479","article-title":"Urbanization and Hydrological Conditions Drive the Spatial and Temporal Variability of Microplastic Pollution in the Garonne River","volume":"769","author":"Garcia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.136984","article-title":"Microplastic Fluxes in a Large and a Small Mediterranean River Catchments: The T\u00eat and the Rh\u00f4ne, Northwestern Mediterranean Sea","volume":"716","author":"Constant","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.01.069","article-title":"Microplastic Pollution in Estuaries across a Gradient of Human Impact","volume":"247","author":"Hitchcock","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145999","article-title":"Microplastics and Fibers from Three Areas under Different Anthropogenic Pressures in Douro River","volume":"776","author":"Prata","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.03.233","article-title":"Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Microplastics in Water and Sediments of a Freshwater System (Antu\u00e3 River, Portugal)","volume":"633","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2009.00830.x","article-title":"Drivers of Bacterial Colonization Patterns in Stream Biofilms","volume":"72","author":"Augspurger","year":"2010","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.7b00164","article-title":"Impacts of Biofilm Formation on the Fate and Potential Effects of Microplastic in the Aquatic Environment","volume":"4","author":"Rummel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c06221","article-title":"Stable Isotope Insights into Microplastic Contamination within Freshwater Food Webs","volume":"55","author":"Garcia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.10.110","article-title":"Preliminary Study of the Source Apportionment and Diversity of Microplastics: Taking Floating Microplastics in the South China Sea as an Example","volume":"245","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12974","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b03083","article-title":"Plastic Particle Ingestion by Wild Freshwater Fish: A Critical Review","volume":"53","author":"Collard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7125","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-011-2485-9","article-title":"Water Quality in Lis River, Portugal","volume":"184","author":"Vieira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaz5803","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaz5803","article-title":"More than 1000 Rivers Account for 80% of Global Riverine Plastic Emissions into the Ocean","volume":"7","author":"Meijer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2021, January 09). Portal Do INE. Available online: https:\/\/www.ine.pt\/xportal\/xmain?xpgid=ine_main&xpid=INE."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Gago, J., Filgueiras, A., Pedrotti, M.L., Caetano, M., and Frias, J. (2022, January 14). Standardised Protocol for Monitoring Microplastics in Seawater. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/330931801_Standardised_protocol_for_monitoring_microplastics_in_seawater?channel=doi&linkId=5c5c2491a6fdccb608aefbf9&showFulltext=true."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Frias, J., Pagter, E., Nash, R., O\u2019Connor, I., Carretero, O., Filgueiras, A., Vi\u00f1as, L., Gago, J., Antunes, J., and Bessa, F. (2022, January 14). Standardised Protocol for Monitoring Microplastics in Sediments. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/326552185_Standardised_protocol_for_monitoring_microplastics_in_sediments?channel=doi&linkId=5b572280aca27217ffb7ccb2&showFulltext=true."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.07.017","article-title":"A Small-Scale, Portable Method for Extracting Microplastics from Marine Sediments","volume":"230","author":"Coppock","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5131","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-018-1156-x","article-title":"Reference Database Design for the Automated Analysis of Microplastic Samples Based on Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy","volume":"410","author":"Primpke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2017.12.061","article-title":"Validation of ATR FT-IR to Identify Polymers of Plastic Marine Debris, Including Those Ingested by Marine Organisms","volume":"127","author":"Jung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-009-0162-9","article-title":"Thermal Stability of Acrylonitrile\/Chlorosulphonated Polyethylene Rubber Blend","volume":"97","author":"Vodnik","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal. Calorim."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1002\/app.2233","article-title":"Three-Group Type Mechanism in the Curing Behavior of Polyacrylate and Blocked Toluene Diisocyanate","volume":"83","author":"Zheng","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"(2021, January 10). Instituto Portugu\u00eas do Mar e da Atmosfera. Available online: https:\/\/www.ipma.pt\/en\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.04.060","article-title":"Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Landfill: A Source of Microplastics?-Evidence of Microplastics in Landfill Leachate","volume":"159","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139436","article-title":"Storm Events as Key Moments of Microplastic Contamination in Aquatic Ecosystems","volume":"734","author":"Hitchcock","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2016.09.004","article-title":"Large Microplastic Particles in Sediments of Tributaries of the River Thames, UK\u2013Abundance, Sources and Methods for Effective Quantification","volume":"114","author":"Horton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143111","article-title":"Microplastic Pollution in Surface Water and Sediments in the Urban Section of the Vistula River (Poland)","volume":"762","author":"Sekudewicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1039\/C6EM00206D","article-title":"A Theoretical Assessment of Microplastic Transport in River Catchments and Their Retention by Soils and River Sediments","volume":"18","author":"Nizzetto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Processes Impacts"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10377","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b02917","article-title":"Plastic Debris in 29 Great Lakes Tributaries: Relations to Watershed Attributes and Hydrology","volume":"50","author":"Baldwin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2014.02.006","article-title":"The Danube so Colourful: A Potpourri of Plastic Litter Outnumbers Fish Larvae in Europe\u2019s Second Largest River","volume":"188","author":"Lechner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.126481","article-title":"Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Microplastics in a Mediterranean River Catchment: The Importance of Wastewater as an Environmental Pathway","volume":"420","author":"Schell","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134467","article-title":"Abundance, Distribution Patterns, and Identification of Microplastics in Brisbane River Sediments, Australia","volume":"700","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6070","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b00492","article-title":"Occurrence and Spatial Distribution of Microplastics in River Shore Sediments of the Rhine-Main Area in Germany","volume":"49","author":"Klein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14195","DOI":"10.1021\/es5036317","article-title":"Microplastics in Four Estuarine Rivers in the Chesapeake Bay, U.S.A","volume":"48","author":"Yonkos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2016.01.006","article-title":"Synthetic Fibers in Atmospheric Fallout: A Source of Microplastics in the Environment?","volume":"104","author":"Dris","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.136634","article-title":"Coastal Ocean Dynamics Reduce the Export of Microplastics to the Open Ocean","volume":"713","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"8","article-title":"Rainfall and Tidal Cycle Regulate Seasonal Inputs of Microplastic Pellets to Sandy Beaches","volume":"8","author":"Turra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.06.168","article-title":"River Deltas as Hotspots of Microplastic Accumulation: The Case Study of the Ebro River (NW Mediterranean)","volume":"687","author":"Grelaud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2015.08.027","article-title":"Microplastic in Three Urban Estuaries, China","volume":"206","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.113837","article-title":"Fate of Microplastics in Wastewater Treatment Plants and Their Environmental Dispersion with Effluent and Sludge","volume":"259","author":"Edo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9175","DOI":"10.1021\/es201811s","article-title":"Accumulation of Microplastic on Shorelines Woldwide: Sources and Sinks","volume":"45","author":"Browne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143936","article-title":"The Occurrence and Transport of Microplastics: The State of the Science","volume":"758","author":"Petersen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.08.056","article-title":"Microplastic Pollution Is Widely Detected in US Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent","volume":"218","author":"Mason","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alfei, S., Schito, A.M., and Zuccari, G. (2021). Biodegradable and Compostable Shopping Bags under Investigation by Ftir Spectroscopy. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11020621"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2018.04.023","article-title":"Plastic Flexible Films Waste Management\u2013A State of Art Review","volume":"77","author":"Horodytska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4841","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61146-4","article-title":"Microplastics Generated When Opening Plastic Packaging","volume":"10","author":"Sobhani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"583","article-title":"Mapping of Agriculture Plastic Waste","volume":"8","author":"Vox","year":"2016","journal-title":"Agric. Agric. Sci. Procedia"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.02.054","article-title":"Microplastics in Freshwaters and Drinking Water: Critical Review and Assessment of Data Quality","volume":"155","author":"Koelmans","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146695","article-title":"Abundance, Interaction, Ingestion, Ecological Concerns, and Mitigation Policies of Microplastic Pollution in Riverine Ecosystem: A Review","volume":"782","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2016.05.012","article-title":"Plastics and Microplastics in the Oceans: From Emerging Pollutants to Emerged Threat","volume":"128","author":"Avio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"97","article-title":"Microfibre Pollution Hotspots in River Sediments Adjacent to South Africa\u2019s Coastline","volume":"45","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water SA"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.11.009","article-title":"Synthetic and Non-Synthetic Anthropogenic Fibers in a River under the Impact of Paris Megacity: Sampling Methodological Aspects and Flux Estimations","volume":"618","author":"Dris","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517517697640","article-title":"Evaluation of Thermal, Moisture Management and Sensorial Comfort Properties of Superabsorbent Polyacrylate Fabrics for the next-to-Skin Layer in Firefighters\u2019 Protective Clothing","volume":"88","author":"Nayak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Text. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"38","article-title":"Optical Loss and Crosstalk in Multimode Photolithographically Fabricated Polyacrylate Polymer Waveguide Crossings","volume":"8988","author":"Baghsiahi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Integr. Opt. Devices Mater. Technol. XVIII"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9192147","article-title":"Composition and Health Hazards of Water-Based Construction Paints: Results from a Survey in the Netherlands","volume":"92","author":"Borm","year":"1991","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jadhav, V.D., Patil, A.J., and Kandasubramanian, B. (2021). Polycarbonate Nanocomposites for High Impact Applications. Handbook of Consumer Nanoproducts, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-6453-6_22-1"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2018.06.011","article-title":"Plastic Pellets, Meso- and Microplastics on the Coastline of Northern Crete: Distribution and Organic Pollution","volume":"133","author":"Karkanorachaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.01.281","article-title":"Identification, Origin and Characteristics of Bio-Bead Microplastics from Beaches in Western Europe","volume":"664","author":"Turner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10239","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1314705111","article-title":"Plastic Debris in the Open Ocean","volume":"111","author":"Irigoien","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2015.10.042","article-title":"East Asian Seas: A Hot Spot of Pelagic Microplastics","volume":"101","author":"Isobe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.109739","article-title":"Wastewater Treatment Plant as Microplastics Release Source\u2013Quantification and Identification Techniques","volume":"255","author":"Alvim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wroa.2019.100030","article-title":"Wastewater Treatment Plants as a Source of Microplastics to an Urban Estuary: Removal Efficiencies and Loading per Capita over One Year","volume":"3","author":"Conley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Res. X"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.07.083","article-title":"Influence of Wastewater Treatment Plant Discharges on Microplastic Concentrations in Surface Water","volume":"162","author":"Estahbanati","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/14\/4\/2255\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:21:04Z","timestamp":1760134864000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/14\/4\/2255"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["su14042255"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su14042255","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2071-1050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]]}}}