{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T09:31:28Z","timestamp":1770975088242,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]],"date-time":"2022-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to (i) analyze the levels of state-anxiety of rafting customers, before and after the activity; and (ii) characterize the levels of trait-anxiety and the amount of physical activity performed weekly by clients of a rafting activity. The sample had 100 subjects of a nature sports company, in the rafting activity, with a mean age of 33.27 \u00b1 10.10 years, with 44% female and 56% male participants. They were evaluated in two moments M1 (pre-activity) and M2 (post-activity). In M1, the STAI\u2014State-Anxiety questionnaire and the IPAQ\u2014International Physical Activity Questionnaire (short version) were applied. In M2, the STAI Form 1 State-Anxiety questionnaire was applied again, followed by the STAI trait-anxiety. The results showed no correlation between the amount of weekly physical activity and levels of trait-anxiety (rho(100) = \u22120.144; p-value = 0.152), thus not corroborating with the existing literature. Regarding state-anxiety, we found that in 55% of cases, it decreased with the practice of rafting, which suggests that the practice may have an anxiolytic effect and promote the well-being and relaxation of participants promoting, in this way, the sustainability of the rafting activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su14095075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,24]],"date-time":"2022-04-24T00:45:21Z","timestamp":1650761121000},"page":"5075","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Pre- and Post-Activity Anxiety for Sustainable Rafting"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Faria","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancias do Desporto, Exerc\u00edcio e Sa\u00fade, Universidade Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun\u2019\u00c1lvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), 4960-320 Melga\u00e7o, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Quaresma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancias do Desporto, Exerc\u00edcio e Sa\u00fade, Universidade Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5929-4766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Cataldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Study of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9813-2842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe Manuel","family":"Clemente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun\u2019\u00c1lvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), 4960-320 Melga\u00e7o, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Delega\u00e7\u00e3o da Covilh\u00e3, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2955-0498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valerio","family":"Bonavolont\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Study of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4100-8765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgian","family":"Badicu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Special Motricity, University Transilvania of Brasov, 500068 Brasov, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5023-3721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianpiero","family":"Greco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Study of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Brand\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun\u2019\u00c1lvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"De Candia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Study of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1253-7660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"Frontini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Innovative Care and Health Technology (ciTechCare), Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"CIEQV\u2014Life Quality Research Centre, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0302-6145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Latino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Study of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8616-5372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Fischetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Study of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Takehara, J.C. (2016). Perfi Dermatoglifico, Somatotipico e Fisiol\u00f3gico de Atletas de Elite do Rafting, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Carlos."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"25","article-title":"White water adventure tourism on the Ash River, South Africa","volume":"20","author":"Mckay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Afr. J. Phys. Health Educ. Recreat. Dance"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2021, December 12). Rafting Federation International Rafting Federation 2021. Available online: https:\/\/www.internationalrafting.com\/about\/irf\/."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Silva, M. (2010). Modelos de Forma\u00e7\u00e3o em Turismo e Desporto de Natureza\u2014Estudo de Caso do Canyoning, Escola Superior de Hotelaria e Turismo do Estoril."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"115","article-title":"Surfe \u00e9 Estilo de Vida: Motiva\u00e7\u00e3o Para a Pr\u00e1tica em Mulheres Jovens","volume":"20","author":"Machado","year":"2017","journal-title":"LICERE Rev. Programa P\u00f3s-Grad. Interdiscip. Estud. Lazer."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Pereira, F. (2013). Motiva\u00e7\u00e3o Para a Pr\u00e1tica de Atividades F\u00edsicas de Aventura, Universidade Estadual Paulista."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Bauer, S. (2002). Da Ansiedade \u00e0 Depress\u00e3o\u2013da Psicofarmacologia \u00e0 Psicoterapia, Livro Pleno."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Pinto, A. (2010). Esportes de Risco: Perspectivas da Psicologia do Esporte na Concep\u00e7\u00e3o do Prazer, Universidade Paulista."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Silva, S. (2007). Manual do invent\u00e1rio de estado-tra\u00e7o de ansiedade (STAI). Mind Gard., 62."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Barreto, P.M. (2012). Perfil de Estado de Humor, Ansiedade-Tra\u00e7o e Ansiedade-Estado em Jovens Ginastas. Aleph, 63, Available online: https:\/\/repositorio.unesp.br\/handle\/11449\/97447."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.17564\/2316-3801.2018v6n3p93-100","article-title":"Mensura\u00e7\u00e3o dos n\u00edveis de ansiedade tra\u00e7o e estado em estudantes do curso de enfermagem","volume":"6","author":"Freitas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Interfaces Cient\u00edficas Hum. Sociais"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Filho, S.C., and Schwartz, G. (2007). O Prazer e o Medo nas Atividades F\u00edsicas de Aventura na Natureza, Universidade Estadual Paulista \u201cJ\u00falio de Mesquita Filho\u201d Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias\u2014Rio Claro."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"60","article-title":"The effects of recreational activities on trait and state anxiety levels","volume":"XVIII","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. GRANTHAALAYAH"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kotera, Y., Lyons, M., and Vione, K.C. (2021). Effect of Nature Walks on Depression and Anxiety: A Systematic Review. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13074015"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"14505","article-title":"Eco Tourism as a Recreational Impact Factor on Human Condition","volume":"VII","author":"Tretyakova","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag. Tour."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"305","article-title":"Risk and Anxiety in Adventure Programming","volume":"25","author":"Berman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Exp. Educ."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Almeida, L., and Machado, C. (2006). Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o Psicol\u00f3gica: Instrumentos Validados para a Popula\u00e7\u00e3o Portuguesa, Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Invent\u00e1rio de ansiedade Tra\u00e7o-Estado de gestantes","volume":"8","author":"Pereira","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Health"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"85","article-title":"Adapta\u00e7\u00e3o do State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)\u2014Form Y para a popula\u00e7\u00e3o portuguesa: Primeiros dados","volume":"32","author":"Santos","year":"1997","journal-title":"Rev. Port. Psicologia"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"261","article-title":"N\u00edvel de atividade f\u00edsica e h\u00e1bitos de vida saud\u00e1vel de universit\u00e1rios portugueses","volume":"12","author":"Esteves","year":"2017","journal-title":"Revista Iberoam. Psicol. Ejerc. Deporte"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021, December 10). WHO Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour: Web Annex. Evidence Profiles Geneve. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/336656\/9789240015128-eng.pdf."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Forde, C. (2005). Scoring the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) Exercise Prescription for the Prevention and Treatment of Disease. Exerc. Prescr. Prev. Treat. Dis., 1\u20134. Available online: https:\/\/ugc.futurelearn.com\/uploads\/files\/bc\/c5\/bcc53b14-ec1e-4d90-88e3-1568682f32ae\/IPAQ_PDF.pdf."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.47863\/XVTK1697","article-title":"Fatores Motivacionais em Desporto de Natureza entre Praticantes e n\u00e3o Praticantes de Exerc\u00edcio F\u00edsico","volume":"7","author":"Almeida","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sport Pedagog. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"56","article-title":"The Relationship Between Cognitive Performance and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Adolescents","volume":"1","author":"Kentra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Balt. J. Sport Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"730","article-title":"O n\u00edvel de ansiedade tra\u00e7o influencia a percep\u00e7\u00e3o de fadiga e bem-estar ap\u00f3s diferentes intensidades de exerc\u00edcio f\u00edsico?","volume":"18","author":"Miranda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Ativ. F\u00edsica Sa\u00fade Braz."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carneiro, L.S.F., Afonso, J., Clemente, F.M., and Frontini, R. (2022). Web-Based Psychotherapy and Exercise Interventions for Depressive and Anxiety Disorders. Digital Therapies in Psychosocial Rehabilitation and Mental Health, IGI Global, International Academic Publisher.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-7998-8634-1.ch005"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"45","article-title":"Efeitos do exerc\u00edcio f\u00edsico e da atividade f\u00edsica na depress\u00e3o e ansiedade em indiv\u00edduos idosos","volume":"11","author":"Cheik","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Ci\u00eancia Mov."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"3","article-title":"Efeitos do exerc\u00edcio f\u00edsico no transtorno de ansiedade: Uma revis\u00e3o integrativa","volume":"11","author":"Marques","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Soc. Dev."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Leite, G.S.F., de Mello, M.T., D\u00e1ttilo, M., and Antunes, H.K. (2011). Influ\u00eancia do estresse em eventos competitivos relacionados \u00e0 dan\u00e7a. Rev. Digit., 2\u201345. Available online: https:\/\/www.efdeportes.com\/efd153\/estresse-em-eventos-competitivos-a-danca.htm."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"221","article-title":"Emo\u00e7\u00f5es e riscos nas pr\u00e1ticas na natureza: Uma revis\u00e3o sistem\u00e1tica","volume":"16","author":"Silva","year":"2010","journal-title":"Motriz. Rev. Educ. Fis."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"116","article-title":"N\u00edvel de ansiedade em bailarinos pr\u00e9 e p\u00f3s\u2014Competi\u00e7\u00e3o","volume":"22","author":"Paulini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Ci\u00eancia Mov."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"85","article-title":"Guias de Rafting: Perfil e emo\u00e7\u00f5es","volume":"10","author":"Carnicelli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev. Digit."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"696","article-title":"Starting a sport as outdoor education in infancy: Orienteering, visual spatial memory for empowering school learning","volume":"21","author":"Cataldi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Phys. Educ. Sport."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-73722010000200018","article-title":"Sport psychology: An emergent field in psychology","volume":"15","author":"Vieira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psicol. Estud."}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/14\/9\/5075\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:59:15Z","timestamp":1760137155000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/14\/9\/5075"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["su14095075"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su14095075","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2071-1050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]]}}}