{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]],"date-time":"2026-02-15T20:51:47Z","timestamp":1771188707159,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CENSE\u2014Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research, NOVA School of Science and Technology","award":["(UIDB\/04085\/2020)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(UIDB\/04085\/2020)"]}]},{"name":"CENSE\u2014Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research, NOVA School of Science and Technology","award":["(UIDB\/00667\/2020)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(UIDB\/00667\/2020)"]}]},{"name":"UNIDEMI, NOVA School of Science and Technology","award":["(UIDB\/04085\/2020)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(UIDB\/04085\/2020)"]}]},{"name":"UNIDEMI, NOVA School of Science and Technology","award":["(UIDB\/00667\/2020)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(UIDB\/00667\/2020)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Energy Sustainability has been addressed through advancing technology efficiency, which may increase the impact of the use of natural resources. However, the increase in efficiency makes services cheaper, which causes a rebound effect, direct or indirect, on energy consumption and materials. Moreover, the popular concept of recycling seems insufficient to reduce the use of critical raw materials to provide energy services. From the perspective of the Earth\u2019s limited resources, the sustainability problem needs a design approach to tackle the rebound effect from efficiency. This work aims to create a theoretical holistic review regarding energy use linked to technology efficiency, to understand how rebound effects may be prevented. In this work, the Axiomatic Design (AD) theory creates the framework that defines the Energy Sustainability functions and identifies the couplings that create the rebounds. According to AD, cycles occur on coupled designs, classified as poor designs. Decoupling the design clarifies two possible and complementary policies to achieve sustainability goals regarding the use of resources. The first is the circular economy, with constraints on energy and raw materials. The second is the massive use of local renewable energies. Plausible solutions come from mandating efficiency and taxation, dematerializing the economy, and reducing, reusing, remanufacturing, and recycling materials from products and systems. These solutions impact economic, environmental, and societal behaviors. The novelty of this approach is the definition of a system model for Energy Sustainability in the frame of AD, while tackling the rebound effect from technological efficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su14116737","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T09:24:29Z","timestamp":1653989069000},"page":"6737","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Energy Sustainability\u2014Rebounds Revisited Using Axiomatic Design"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Flores","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVA School of Science and Technology, Campus de Caparica, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Cavique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Academy, Base Naval de Lisboa, Alfeite, 2810-001 Almada, Portugal"},{"name":"UNIDEMI, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Campus de Caparica, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0355-0465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00falia","family":"Seixas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CENSE, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Campus de Caparica, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Daly, H.E. (1990). The Concept of steady-state economy. Steady\u2014State Economics, Island Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"United Nations (1987). Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development\u2014Our Common Future, World Commission on Environment and Development. United Nations General Assembly document A\/42\/427."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-4215(00)00030-6","article-title":"Energy efficiency fallacies revisited","volume":"28","author":"Brookes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-4215(03)00062-4","article-title":"Energy efficiency fallacies revisited\u2014A postscript","volume":"32","author":"Brookes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2022, January 10). Jevons Paradox. Available online: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jevons_paradox."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0297.2003.00200.x","article-title":"Steam as a General Purpose Technology: A Growth Accounting Perspective","volume":"114","author":"Crafts","year":"2004","journal-title":"Econ. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1111\/jiec.12110","article-title":"Can Efficiency Improvements Reduce Resource Consumption? A Historical Analysis of Ten Activities","volume":"18","author":"Dahmus","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ind. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-4215(00)00023-9","article-title":"The Rebound Effect for Space Heating\u2014Empirical Evidence from Austria","volume":"28","author":"Hass","year":"2000","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.03.002","article-title":"Reducing energy demand: A review of issues, challenges and approaches","volume":"47","author":"Sorrell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.06.108","article-title":"Design for sustainability models: A multiperspective review","volume":"234","author":"Rocha","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2021.112474","article-title":"Modelling of integrated local energy systems: Low-carbon energy supply strategies for the Oxford-Cambridge arc region","volume":"157","author":"Chaudry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110322","article-title":"Review of 50 years of EU energy efficiency policies for buildings","volume":"225","author":"Economidou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_13.1","unstructured":"(2018). European Parliament and of the Council, Directive"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_13.2","unstructured":"(EU) 2018\/844. Off. J. Eur. Union, 156, 75-91."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csite.2022.101820","article-title":"A case study on the electrical energy auditing and saving techniques in an educational institution (IMCO, Sohar, Oman)","volume":"31","author":"Rashdi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Case Stud. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2015.07.054","article-title":"A Preliminary Check of the Refurbishing Large Office Buildings to a Zero Energy Condition","volume":"34","author":"Cavique","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, H.M., Soudagar, M., Kumar, R., Safaei, M., Farooq, M., Khidmatgar, A., Banapurmath, N., Farade, R., Abbas, M., and Afzal, A. (2020). Effect of Nano-Graphene Oxide and n-Butanol Fuel Additives Blended with Diesel\u2014Nigella sativa Biodiesel Fuel Emulsion on Diesel Engine Characteristics. Symmetry, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym12060961"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15326","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72150-z","article-title":"Study of diesel engine characteristics by adding nanosized zinc oxide and diethyl ether additives in Mahua biodiesel\u2013diesel fuel blend","volume":"10","author":"Soudagar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Res. Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2021.112483","article-title":"Enough? The role of Sufficiency in European energy and climate plans","volume":"157","author":"Thema","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2020.101439","article-title":"The limits of energy sufficiency: A review of the evidence for rebound effects and negative spillovers from behavioural change","volume":"64","author":"Sorrell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Res. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spc.2020.05.007","article-title":"Circular Economy in the WEEE industry: A systematic literature review and a research agenda","volume":"23","author":"Bressanelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain. Prod. Consum."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spc.2021.06.017","article-title":"An introduction to circular economy and Sustainability: Some existing lessons and future directions","volume":"28","author":"Nikolaou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Prod. Consum."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spc.2020.09.018","article-title":"Circularity for circularity\u2019s sake? Scoping review of assessment methods for environmental performance in the circular economy","volume":"26","author":"Harris","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Prod. Consum."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2019.03.045","article-title":"Circular economy indicators: What do they measure?","volume":"146","author":"Moraga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Pigosso, D., and McAloone, T. (2017, January 21\u201325). How can Design Science contribute to a circular economy?. Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Engineering Design, ICED17, Vancouver, CA, Canada."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saidani, M., Kim, H., Cluzel, F., Leroy, Y., and Yannou, B. (2020, January 26\u201329). Product circularity indicators: What contributions in designing for a circular economy?. Proceedings of the DESIGN Conference, Dubrovnik, Croatia.","DOI":"10.1017\/dsd.2020.76"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Suh, N.P., Cavique, M., and Foley, J. (2021). Application of Axiomatic Design for the Design of Flexible and Agile Manufacturing Systems. Design Engineering and Science, Springer Nature Switzerland AG."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suh, N.P., Cavique, M., and Foley, J. (2021). Future Design Challenges. Design Engineering and Science, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-49232-8"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Suh, N.P. (1990). The Principles of Design, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.119094","article-title":"Effect of Sr@ZnO nanoparticles and Ricinus communis biodiesel-diesel fuel blends on modified CRDI diesel engine characteristics","volume":"215","author":"Soudagar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"01004","DOI":"10.1051\/matecconf\/201712701004","article-title":"How to Compute the Information Content of 3-FR, 3-DP Decoupled Designs with Uniform Probability Density Functions for Their FRs","volume":"127","author":"Fradinho","year":"2017","journal-title":"MATEC Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dodun, O., Cavique, M., Sl\u0103tineanu, L., and Du\u015fa, P. (2022). Using the Axiomatic Design in Engineering, In Advances in Product Design Engineering, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-98124-2_2"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suh, N. (2005). Complexity: Theory, and Applications, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195178760.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suh, N.P., Cavique, M., and Foley, J. (2021). Design Engineering and Science, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-49232-8"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Lee, T., and Jeziorek, P.N. (2006, January 13\u201316). Understanding the value of eliminating an off-diagonal term in a design matrix. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Axiomatic Design (ICAD), Florence, Italy."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"68","article-title":"The cost of storage\u2014how to calculate the levelized cost of stored energy (LCOE) and applications to renewable energy generation","volume":"Volume 46","author":"Pawel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy Procedia, Proceedings of the 8th International Renewable Energy Storage Conference and Exhibition, IRES 2013, Berlin, Germany, 18\u201320 November 2013"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.01.021","article-title":"Mining households\u2019 energy data to disclose fuel poverty: Lessons for Southern Europe","volume":"178","author":"Gouveia","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1080\/14693062.2013.768919","article-title":"Top-down and bottom-up modelling to support low-carbon scenarios: Climate policy implications","volume":"13","author":"Fortes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clim. Policy"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"United Nations-Framework Convention on Climate Change (UN-FCCC) (2015). Report of the Conference of the Parties on Its Twenty-First Session, United Nations."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"60","article-title":"The Climate Debt, What the West Owes the Rest","volume":"99","author":"Adow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Foreign Aff."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Egenhofer, C., Alessi, M., Georgiev, A., and Fujiwara, N. (2011). The EU Emissions Trading System and Climate Policy Towards 2050, Real Incentives to Reduce Emissions and Drive Innovation, Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS)."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"European Parliament and of the Council (2022, April 12). Regulation (EU) 2018\/1999 on the Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2018\/1999."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"18","article-title":"The Path to Net Zero, How Technology Can Save the Planet","volume":"99","author":"Azevedo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Foreign Aff."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2014.01.038","article-title":"Effects of renewables penetration on the security of Portuguese electricity supply","volume":"123","author":"Gouveia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"201761","article-title":"A Guide to the Application of Energy Data for Intelligence Analysis","volume":"4","author":"Shaffer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stud. Intell."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2020.101054","article-title":"Holistic review of hybrid renewable energy in circular economy for valorization and management","volume":"20","author":"Bist","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2019.05.196","article-title":"Circular economy and renewable energy","volume":"181","author":"Olabi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2019). Conference editorial, Life cycle to Pinch Analysis and 100% renewable energy systems in a circular economy at sustainable development of energy, Water and Environment Systems. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 108, 572\u2013577.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2019.03.046"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"BP (2020). Statistical Review of World Energy, BP p.l.c.. [69th ed.]."}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/14\/11\/6737\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:22:36Z","timestamp":1760138556000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/14\/11\/6737"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["su14116737"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su14116737","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2071-1050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]}}}