{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T12:35:00Z","timestamp":1771504500219,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]],"date-time":"2022-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Majmaah University","award":["309681\/2019-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["309681\/2019-7"]}]},{"name":"Majmaah University","award":["309250\/2021-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["309250\/2021-8"]}]},{"name":"Majmaah University","award":["303767\/2020-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["303767\/2020-0"]}]},{"name":"CNPq","award":["309681\/2019-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["309681\/2019-7"]}]},{"name":"CNPq","award":["309250\/2021-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["309250\/2021-8"]}]},{"name":"CNPq","award":["303767\/2020-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["303767\/2020-0"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Forest fires destroy productive land throughout the world. In Brazil, mainly the Northeast of Brazil (NEB) is strongly affected by forest fires and bush fires. Similarly, there is no adequate study of long-term data from ground and satellite-based estimation of fire foci in NEB. The objectives of this study are: (i) to evaluate the spatiotemporal estimation of fires in NEB biomes via environmental satellites during the long term over 1998\u20132018, and (ii) to characterize the environmental degradation in the NEB biomes via orbital products during 1998\u20132018, obtained from the Burn Database (BDQueimadas) for 1794 municipalities. The spatiotemporal variation is estimated statistically (descriptive, exploratory and multivariate statistics) from the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) through the Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation Station (CHIRPS). Moreover, we identify 10 homogeneous groups of fire foci (G1\u2013G10) with a total variance of 76.5%. The G1 group is the most extended group, along with the G2 group, the exception being the G3 group. Similarly, the G4\u2013G10 groups have a high percentage of hotspots, with more values in the municipality of Graja\u00fa, which belongs to the agricultural consortium. The gradient of fire foci from the coast to the interior of the NEB is directly associated with land use\/land cover (LULC) changes, where the sparse vegetation category and areas without vegetation are mainly involved. The Caatinga and Cerrado biomes lose vegetation, unlike the Amazon and Atlantic Forest biomes. The fires detected in the Cerrado and Atlantic Forest biomes are the result of agricultural consortia. Additionally, the two periods 2003\u20132006 and 2013\u20132018 show periods of severe and prolonged drought due to the action of El Ni\u00f1o.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su14116935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]],"date-time":"2022-06-07T00:10:33Z","timestamp":1654560633000},"page":"6935","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Spatiotemporal Analysis of Fire Foci and Environmental Degradation in the Biomes of Northeastern Brazil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6131-7605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Francisco","family":"de Oliveira-J\u00fanior","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Meteorologia Aplicada e Meio Ambiente (LAMMA), Insstituto de Ci\u00eancias Atmosf\u00e9ricas (ICAT), Universidade Federal do Alagoas (UFAL), Macei\u00f3 57072-260, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6552-8445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Munawar","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GNSS and Space Education Research Lab, Department of Space Science, National Center of GIS and Space Applications, Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}]},{"given":"Ayesha","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Petroleum Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 75270, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4029-4491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Washington Luiz F\u00e9lix","family":"Correia Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande 96203-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7102-2077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Antonio","family":"da Silva Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geotechonology Applied in Agriculture and Forest (GAAF), State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Sinop 78555-000, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Dimas","family":"de Barros Santiago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Meteorology, Unidade Acad\u00eamica de Ci\u00eancias Atmosf\u00e9ricas (UACA), Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Campina Grande 58429-140, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8236-542X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo Eduardo","family":"Teodoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Chapad\u00e3o do Sul 79560-000, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1418-5109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post-Graduate Program in Aerospace Engineering (PPGEA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Campus Universit\u00e1rio Lagoa Nova, Natal 59056-000, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Amaury","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFRN), C.P. 549, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Elinor","family":"Aviv-Sharon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0367-206X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vagner Reis","family":"Silveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento PROEAD, Centro Universit\u00e1rio de Goi\u00e1s, Goi\u00e2nia 74423-115, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4721-305X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luiz Claudio Gomes","family":"Pimentel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Meteorology, Institute of Geosciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 274 Cidade Universit\u00e1ria\u2014Ilha do Fund\u00e3o, Rio de Janeiro 21941-916, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Elania Barros","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Engenharia de Biossistemas (PGEB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter\u00f3i 24210-240, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5913-5979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohd Anul","family":"Haq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"given":"Ilyas","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Department of Mathematics, College of Science Al-Zulfi, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Research Centre, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo 11745, Egypt"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2703-1969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El-Awady","family":"Attia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 16273, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering (Shoubra), Benha University, Cairo 11511, Egypt"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2021.115273","article-title":"Effects of fire on soil respiration and its components in a Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii) forest in northeast China: Implications for forest ecosystem carbon cycling","volume":"402","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1007\/s00477-021-02043-8","article-title":"Spatio-temporal analysis of fire occurrence in Australia","volume":"35","author":"Valente","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stoch. 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