{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T14:51:30Z","timestamp":1766415090041,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]],"date-time":"2022-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro","award":["UID04045\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID04045\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Psychomotor development is important for effective learning. Therefore, psychomotor observation is essential beginning in preschool education; however, observational instruments require practice, experience and time-consuming procedures. Psychomotor Battery (PBM) is useful to observe children\u2019s psychomotor profile but needs 30 to 40 min per child to be applied. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to justify the need of a reduced version of the PBM to enable more frequent psychomotor observations at this level of education. A total of 70 preschool students with typical development were observed over 4 months in a school context, among which 31 were males and 39 were females (4- and 5-year-old). PBM is composed by seven psychomotor factors (PMF) distributed across three neuropsychological functional units. The total average of points for psychomotor observations was obtained using multiple linear regression (MLR) with a Stepwise method. For associations, Pearson\u2019s correlation coefficient (r) was used. The results of this study showed that it is possible to reduce the average time of psychomotor observation by 43.7% (13 min and 31 s), maintaining a very strong association with the total average of points obtained. This reduction in observation time may contribute to the increase in psychomotor observations of preschool children using PMB.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su14127263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]],"date-time":"2022-06-15T01:39:54Z","timestamp":1655257194000},"page":"7263","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Necessity of a Reduced Version of the Psychomotor Battery to Screen for Learning Difficulties in Preschool Children"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2462-2800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Flores","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro (ISCE Douro), 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal"},{"name":"CI-ISCE\/ISCE Douro, 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4612-3623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Eduardo","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a (IPB), 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0428-1415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Kosmider","family":"Leal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro (ISCE Douro), 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6129-2850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro (ISCE Douro), 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal"},{"name":"CI-ISCE\/ISCE Douro, 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4467-1722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio Miguel","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CI-ISCE\/ISCE Douro, 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a (IPB), 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rui Brito","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro (ISCE Douro), 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal"},{"name":"CI-ISCE\/ISCE Douro, 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9000-5419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Branquinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro (ISCE Douro), 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal"},{"name":"CI-ISCE\/ISCE Douro, 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7530-512X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Ferraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior (UBI), 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0184-6780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Forte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro (ISCE Douro), 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal"},{"name":"CI-ISCE\/ISCE Douro, 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a (IPB), 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52891-9.00001-4","article-title":"Normal Psychomotor Development","volume":"111","author":"Cioni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Handb. 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