{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T21:47:44Z","timestamp":1777412864990,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,26]],"date-time":"2022-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study extends the theory of planned behavior model and examines the humane factors (altruism, environmental knowledge, personal appearance concerns, attitude, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norms) that shape attitudes and buyer behavior toward cruelty-free cosmetics and the consumer characteristics that reflect their behavior toward such products. Recent global occurrences have affected human behavioral patterns, namely, the COVID-19 pandemic, which we aim to study. Has behavior changed to become more ethical? A survey was carried out involving a sample of 425 Portuguese participants (a feminine culture), following a convenience- and snowball-sampling procedure. Significant correlations were found between environmental knowledge, subjective norms, and buyer behavior toward cruelty-free cosmetics with attitude and environmental knowledge and buyer behavior. Through structural equation modeling to evaluate the conceptual model, a good model fit was found, being that standardized values in the model are significant except for regressions from perceived behavior control and personal appearance concerns to buyer behavior toward cruelty-free cosmetics. Women present higher values than men on attitude, altruism, environmental knowledge, and buyer behavior, in line with what is expected in a traditional and conservative feminine culture such as that to be found in Portugal. Such a result points to the need to promote increased gender equality, for example, in senior leadership roles, as women are seen to have the desirable qualities required for a more sustainable, cruelty-free, and humane society. This is an alert for human-resource managers in the region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su14137786","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,26]],"date-time":"2022-06-26T22:50:23Z","timestamp":1656283823000},"page":"7786","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["A Cross-Sectional Study on Ethical Buyer Behavior towards Cruelty-Free Cosmetics: What Consequences for Female Leadership Practices?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2835-3169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Magano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center in Business and Economics (CICEE), Universidade Aut\u00f3noma de Lisboa, 1150-293 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Higher Institute of Business and Tourism Sciences (ISCET), 4050-180 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2154-6171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Au-Yong-Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC TEC\u2014Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"GOVCOPP, Department of Economics, Management, Industrial Engineering and Tourism, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Bruna","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Higher Institute of Business and Tourism Sciences (ISCET), 4050-180 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"\u00c2ngela","family":"Leite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Filosofia e Ci\u00eancias Sociais, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa (Braga), 4710-362 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Human and Social Sciences (ECHS), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"NielsenIQ (2022, June 10). 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