{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T05:21:12Z","timestamp":1771305672183,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]],"date-time":"2022-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS\u2014Pavia","award":["UIDB\/04708\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04708\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds","award":["UIDB\/04708\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04708\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The article proposes a framework establishing a disaster resilience index applicable worldwide that accounts for differences between countries in terms of development and in terms of the relevance of several resilience dimensions. To achieve this index, countries were clustered using an indicator that reflected their performance according to the Sustainable Development Goals. For each cluster of countries, a Delphi process was used to obtain scores for every resilience dimension and sub-dimension that were then transformed into weights that varied from cluster to cluster to reflect differences in sustainable development. The article discusses the methodology that led to the quantification of the weights according to the Delphi process, as well as its results. The results highlighted the anticipated differences between different groups of countries, but also reflected cluster-specific features that should be accounted for when analyzing disaster resilience. The article also discusses different applications and possible improvements of the proposed framework based on comments collected during the Delphi process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su14159162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T22:43:26Z","timestamp":1659048206000},"page":"9162","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Identifying the Importance of Disaster Resilience Dimensions across Different Countries Using the Delphi Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Carlotta","family":"Rodriquez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Resilience, Rabdan Academy, Abu Dhabi 114646, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"University School for Advanced Studies (IUSS), 27100 Pavia, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3602-9756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Social Studies, University of Coimbra, Col\u00e9gio de S. Jer\u00f3nimo, 3000-995 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Economics, University of Coimbra, 3004-512 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2372-6440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xavier","family":"Rom\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONSTRUCT-LESE, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-007-9156-6","article-title":"Community Resilience as a Metaphor, Theory, Set of Capacities, and Strategy for Disaster Readiness","volume":"41","author":"Norris","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Community Psychol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"F\u00fcssel, H.-M. (2010). Review and Quantitative Analysis of Indices of Climate Change Exposure, Adaptive Capacity, Sensitivity, and Impacts, The World Bank."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2016). Report of the Open-Ended Intergovernmental Expert Working Group on Indicators and Terminology Relating to Disaster Risk Reduction, United Nations General Assembly."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Vincent, K. (2004). Creating an Index of Social Vulnerability to Climate Change for Africa, University of East Anglia. Tyndall Centre Working Paper No. 56."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-9-393-2009","article-title":"Validation of a Social Vulnerability Index in Context to River-Floods in Germany","volume":"9","author":"Fekete","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2021.102358","article-title":"Measuring community disaster resilience at local levels: An adaptable resilience framework","volume":"62","author":"Tariq","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Heijmans, E.P.M. (2014). Reaching Resilience: Handbook Resilience 2.0 for Aid Practitioners and Policymakers in Disaster Risk Reduction, Climate Change Adaptation and Poverty Reduction, CARE, Groupe Urgence\u2014R\u00e9habilitation\u2014D\u00e9veloppement, Wageningen University."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2014). IFRC Framework for Community Resilience, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Caimi, A., Adikpon, B., Adrian, J.C., Alsayed, A., Angermaier, A., Rozado, C.A., Ashmore, J., Aurouet, C., Belinga, C., and Bello, A. (2015). Assessing Local Building Cultures for Resilience & Development: A Practical Guide for Community-Based Assessment, CRAterre."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1108\/DPM-02-2017-0043","article-title":"Linking Disaster Risk Reduction, Climate Change, and the Sustainable Development Goals","volume":"26","author":"Kelman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Disaster Prev. Manag."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2019.101452","article-title":"Meeting at the crossroads? Developing national strategies for disaster risk reduction and resilience: Relevance, scope for, and challenges to, integration","volume":"45","author":"Wamsler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le Tissier, M., and Whyte, H. (2022). Why does making connections through resilience indicators matter?. Creating Resilient Futures, Palgrave Macmillan.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-80791-7_2"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Schipper, E.L.F., and Langston, L. (2015). A Comparative Overview of Resilience Measurement Frameworks: Analyzing Indicators and Approaches, Overseas Development Institute."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Michel, J. (2016). Beyond Aid: The Integration of Sustainable Development in A Coherent International Agenda, Rowman & Littlefield."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s41885-020-00060-5","article-title":"From poverty to disaster and back: A review of the literature","volume":"4","author":"Hallegatte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Econ. Disasters Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355770X17000444","article-title":"Disaster risk, climate change, and poverty: Assessing the global exposure of poor people to floods and droughts","volume":"23","author":"Winsemius","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Dev. Econ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2016.08.002","article-title":"Integrated environmental sustainability and resilience assessment model for coastal flood hazards","volume":"8","author":"Matthews","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.09.086","article-title":"Resilience and sustainability: Similarities and differences in environmental management applications","volume":"613","author":"Marchese","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1659\/MRD-JOURNAL-D-16-00027.1","article-title":"Using social impact assessment to strengthen community resilience in sustainable rural development in mountain areas","volume":"36","author":"Imperiale","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mt. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1111\/dpr.12518","article-title":"What does resilience imply for development practice? Tools for more coherent programming and evaluation of resilience","volume":"39","author":"Constas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev. Policy Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Levine, S. (2014). Assessing Resilience: Why Quantification Misses the Point, Overseas Development Institute. Humanitarian Policy Group (ODI) Working Paper."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1007\/s13753-022-00419-0","article-title":"Disaster Risk Resilience: Conceptual Evolution, Key Issues, and Opportunities","volume":"13","author":"Graveline","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-010-9576-9","article-title":"Measuring capacities for community resilience","volume":"99","author":"Sherrieb","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soc. Indic. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rifat, S.A.A., and Liu, W. (2020). Measuring community disaster resilience in the conterminous coastal United States. Int. J. Geo-Inf., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9080469"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2014.10.007","article-title":"Developing a resilience index towards natural disasters in Indonesia","volume":"10","author":"Kusumastuti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14153","DOI":"10.3390\/su71014153","article-title":"Measuring resilience to natural hazards: Towards sustainable hazard mitigation","volume":"7","author":"Shim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1080\/09640568.2015.1016142","article-title":"A measurement of community disaster resilience in Korea","volume":"59","author":"Yoon","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Environ. Plan. Manag."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s13753-016-0091-8","article-title":"Geographical analysis of community resilience to seismic hazard in Southwest China","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106088","article-title":"Is resilience capacity index of Chinese region performing well? Evidence from 26 provinces","volume":"112","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indicat."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-020-04478-8","article-title":"Integrated natural disasters urban resilience evaluation: The case of China","volume":"107","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2021.102726","article-title":"Disaggregated validation of disaster-resilience indicators using household survey data: A case study of Hong Kong","volume":"67","author":"Ji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2021.102152","article-title":"A composite inherent resilience index for Zimbabwe: An adaptation of the disaster resilience of place model","volume":"57","author":"Mavhura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2021.102422","article-title":"Disaster resilience in Australia: A geographic assessment using an index of coping and adaptive capacity","volume":"62","author":"Parsons","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2021.102778","article-title":"Disaster resilience quantifcation of communities: A risk-based approach","volume":"70","author":"Marasco","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduc."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.132937","article-title":"Comprehensive disaster resilience index: Pathway towards risk-informed sustainable development","volume":"366","author":"Anwar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Global Resilience Index Initiative (2022, July 21). UK Centre for Greening Finance and Investment, Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment, University of Oxford. Available online: https:\/\/www.cgfi.ac.uk\/global-resilience-index-initiative\/."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Filho, W.L., Azul, A.M., Brandli, L., \u00d6zuyar, P.G., and Wall, T. (2020). Spatial Resilience in Planning: Meanings, Challenges, and Perspectives for Urban Transition. Sustainable Cities and Communities, Springer."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-001-0019-y","article-title":"Spatial resilience of coral reefs","volume":"4","author":"Nystrom","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ecosystems"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cumming, G.S. (2011). Spatial Resilience in Social-Ecological Systems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-0307-0"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-011-9623-1","article-title":"Spatial resilience: Integrating landscape ecology, resilience, and sustainability","volume":"26","author":"Cumming","year":"2011","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2016.12.010","article-title":"Lack of spatial resilience in a recovery process: Case L\u2019Aquila, Italy","volume":"121","author":"Contreras","year":"2017","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2021.100794","article-title":"A conceptual framework for resilient place assessment based on spatial resilience approach: An integrative review","volume":"36","author":"Lak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Urban Clim."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brunetta, G., and Salata, S. (2019). Mapping Urban Resilience for Spatial Planning\u2014A First Attempt to Measure the Vulnerability of the System. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11082331"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"223","article-title":"Natural disasters as a development opportunity: A spatial economic resilience interpretation","volume":"40","author":"Kourtit","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Reg. Stud."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brunetta, G., Ceravolo, R., Barbieri, C.A., Borghini, A., de Carlo, F., Mela, A., Beltramo, S., Longhi, A., De Lucia, G., and Ferraris, S. (2019). Territorial resilience: Toward a proactive meaning for spatial planning. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11082286"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pascariu, G.C., Banica, A., and Nijkamp, P. (2022). A Meta-Overview and Bibliometric Analysis of Resilience in Spatial Planning\u2014The Relevance of Place-Based Approaches. Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12061-022-09449-z"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2008.07.013","article-title":"A place-based model for understanding community resilience to natural disasters","volume":"18","author":"Cutter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2018.07.015","article-title":"A synthesis of disaster resilience measurement methods and indices","volume":"31","author":"Cai","year":"2018","journal-title":"I. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Sachs, J., Schmidt-Traub, G., Kroll, C., Lafortune, G., and Fuller, G. (2018). SDG Index and Dashboards Report 2018: Global Responsibilities Implementing the Goals, Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN)."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Delphi Technique: Making Sense of Consensus","volume":"12","author":"Hsu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pract. Assess. Res. Eval."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"(2008). Handbook on Constructing Composite Indicators: Methodology and User Guide, Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development Publishing."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Kassambara, A. (2022, July 21). Practical Guide to Cluster Analysis in R: Unsupervised Machine Learning. Statistical Tools for High-Throughput Data Analysis. STHDA (Statistical Tools for High-Throughput Data Analysis). Available online: http:\/\/www.sthda.com\/english\/."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gan, G., Ma, C., and Wu, J. (2007). Data Clustering: Theory, Algorithms, and Applications, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.","DOI":"10.1137\/1.9780898718348"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2019.101096","article-title":"A critical review of social resilience assessment frameworks in disaster management","volume":"35","author":"Saja","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"(2022, January 06). Yokohama Strategy and Plan of Action for A Safer World: Guidelines for Natural Disaster Prevention, Preparedness and Mitigation. International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction 1990\u20132000. Available online: http:\/\/www.unisdr.org\/files\/8241_doc6841contenido1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"(2022, January 06). Hyogo Framework for Action 2005\u20132015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters. Geneva: United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction. Available online: https:\/\/www.undrr.org\/publication\/hyogo-framework-action-2005-2015-building-resilience-nations-and-communities-disasters."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Hoogeveen, J., Tesliuc, E., Vakis, V., and Dercon, S. (2009). A Guide to the Analysis of Risk, Vulnerability and Vulnerable Groups, Social Protection Unit, Human Development Network, The World Bank."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Tapsell, S.M., Tunstall, S.M., Green, C., and Fernandez-Bilbao, A. (2005). Social Indicator Set, Flood Hazard Research Centre. FLOODsite Report T11\u201307-01."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s13147-012-0172-0","article-title":"Tools for resilience building and adaptive spatial governance","volume":"70","author":"Birkmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Raumforsch. Raumordn."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1002\/jid.1675","article-title":"Vulnerability, capacity and resilience: Perspectives for climate and development policy","volume":"22","author":"Gaillard","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Int. Dev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2010.08.002","article-title":"Indicators of vulnerability and adaptive capacity: Towards a clarification of science-policy interface","volume":"21","author":"Hinkel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-09491-220318","article-title":"The oak or the reed: How resilience theories are translated into disaster management policies","volume":"22","author":"Wenger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"53","article-title":"A review of themes in disaster resilience literature and international practice since 2012","volume":"2","author":"Tiernan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Policy Des. Pract."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2018.07.010","article-title":"Towards resilient cities: A maturity model for operationalizing resilience","volume":"84","author":"Hernantes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"51","article-title":"Disaster resilience indicators for benchmarking baseline conditions","volume":"7","author":"Cutter","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Homel. Secur. Emerg. Manag."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2010.08.008","article-title":"Framework for analytical quantification of disaster resilience","volume":"32","author":"Cimellaro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2016.07.005","article-title":"Top-down assessment of disaster resilience: A conceptual framework using coping and adaptive capacities","volume":"19","author":"Parsons","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"De Silva, S., and Burton, C. (2008). Building Resilient Communities: Risk Management and Response to Natural Disasters through Social Funds and Community-Driven Development Operations (English), The World Bank."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"(2014). City Resilience Framework, Arup International Development."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moraci, F., Errigo, M.F., Fazia, C., Burgio, G., and Foresta, S. (2018). Making less vulnerable cities: Resilience as a new paradigm of smart planning. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201801.0013.v1"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1097\/PHH.0b013e318268aed8","article-title":"The Communities Advancing Resilience Toolkit (CART): An Intervention to Build Community Resilience to Disasters","volume":"19","author":"Pfefferbaum","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Public Health Manag. Pract."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Raymond, N., and Al Achkar, Z. (2016). Data Preparedness: Connecting Data, and Humanitarian Response. Signal Program Standards and Ethics Series\u2014Issue 1, Harvard University."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"1","article-title":"Data-Driven Techniques in Disaster Information Management","volume":"50","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"(2015). Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015\u20132030, United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"(2015). Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, United Nations General Assembly. Resolution A\/RES\/70\/1."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Bours, D., McGinn, C., and Pringle, P. (2013). Monitoring & Evaluation for Climate Change Adaptation: A Synthesis of Tools, Frameworks and Approaches, UKCIP."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clarke, M.L., Blanchard, M.K., Maini, R., Radu, A., Eltinay, N., Zaidi, Z., and Murray, V. (2018). Knowing what we know\u2013reflections on the development of technical guidance for loss data for the Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction. PLoS Curr., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/currents.dis.537bd80d1037a2ffde67d66c604d2a78"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-019-0490-0","article-title":"Tracking global climate change adaptation among governments","volume":"9","author":"Biesbroek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Izzo, M.F., Ciaburri, M., and Tiscini, R. (2020). The challenge of sustainable development goal reporting: The first evidence from Italian listed companies. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12083494"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geosus.2020.03.006","article-title":"Cloud services with big data provide a solution for monitoring and tracking sustainable development goals","volume":"1","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geogr. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.9.3.458","article-title":"An experimental application of the Delphi method to the use of experts","volume":"9","author":"Dalkey","year":"1963","journal-title":"Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"467","article-title":"Current validity of the Delphi method in social sciences. Technol. Forecast","volume":"73","author":"Landeta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soc. Chang."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)NH.1527-6996.0000087","article-title":"Indicators of community recovery: Content analysis and Delphi approach","volume":"14","author":"Jordan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Rev."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pei, J., Liu, W., and Han, L. (2019). Research on Evaluation Index System of Chinese City Safety Resilience Based on Delphi Method and Cloud Model. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16203802"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-014-1423-x","article-title":"Delphi-based consensus study into a framework of community resilience to disaster","volume":"75","author":"Alshehri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"Delbecq, A., Van de Ven, A.H., and Gustafson, D.H. (1975). Group Techniques for Program Planning: A Guide to Nominal Group and Delphi Processes, Scott Foresman."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta2030","article-title":"Consensus development methods, and their use in clinical guideline development","volume":"2","author":"Murphy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Health Technol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"1","article-title":"Predicting the future: Have you considered using the Delphi methodology?","volume":"35","author":"Ludwig","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Ext."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-3287(69)80025-X","article-title":"An Experimental Study of Group Opinion: The Delphi Method","volume":"1","author":"Dalkey","year":"1969","journal-title":"Futures"},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"272","article-title":"The Delphi Technique: A Case Study","volume":"42","author":"Cyphert","year":"1971","journal-title":"Phi Delta Kappan"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2019.101079","article-title":"Urban-scale framework for assessing the resilience of buildings informed by a Delphi expert consultation","volume":"36","author":"Rezgui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2012.04.013","article-title":"Consensus Measurement in Delphi Studies: Review and Implications for Future Quality Assurance","volume":"79","year":"2012","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1177\/152715440000100409","article-title":"Building Consensus Using the Policy Delphi Method","volume":"1","author":"Rayens","year":"2000","journal-title":"Policy Politics Nurs. Pract."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.1994.tb01207.x","article-title":"The Delphi Technique: A Worthwhile Research Approach for Nursing?","volume":"19","author":"McKenna","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.1994.tb01066.x","article-title":"The Delphi Technique: A Methodological Discussion","volume":"19","author":"Williams","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"Witkin, B.R., and Altschuld, J.W. (1995). Planning and Conducting Needs Assessment: A Practical Guide, Sage Publications, Inc."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1527-6988(2000)1:2(99)","article-title":"Creating Hazard Resilient Communities through Land-Use Planning","volume":"1","author":"Burby","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Rev."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1007\/s11625-017-0468-7","article-title":"Indigenous resource management practices in the Gamo Highland of Ethiopia: Challenges and prospects for sustainable resource management","volume":"12","author":"Assefa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sustain. Sci."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2020.107047","article-title":"Agricultural land use and management weaken the soil erosion induced by extreme rainstorms","volume":"301","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"Martine, G., and Guzman, J.M. (2002). Population, poverty, and vulnerability: Mitigating the effects of natural disasters. ECSP Report 8, Wilson Center."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hallegatte, S., Vogt-Schilb, A., Bangalore, M., and Rozenberg, J. (2017). Unbreakable: Building the Resilience of the Poor in the Face of Natural Disasters, World Bank.","DOI":"10.1596\/978-1-4648-1003-9_ov"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2020.113406","article-title":"Establishing a frame of reference for measuring disaster resilience","volume":"140","author":"Zobel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Decis. Support Syst."},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"De Groeve, T., Poljansek, K., and Vernaccini, L. (2014). Index for Risk Management\u2014INFORM, Joint Research Centre, European Commission. Report EUR 26528 EN."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2011.03.009","article-title":"Hybrid Delphi: A methodology to facilitate contribution from experts in professional contexts","volume":"78","author":"Landeta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.12677","article-title":"Validating resilience and vulnerability indices in the context of natural disasters","volume":"37","author":"Bakkensen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Risk Anal."},{"key":"ref_106","unstructured":"United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (2022, July 21). Technical Guidance for Monitoring and Reporting on Progress in Achieving the Global Targets of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. Available online: https:\/\/www.preventionweb.net\/publications\/view\/54970."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145734","article-title":"An open resilience index: Crowdsourced indicators empirically developed from natural hazard and climatic event data","volume":"774","author":"Feldmeyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/14\/15\/9162\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:56:52Z","timestamp":1760140612000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/14\/15\/9162"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["su14159162"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su14159162","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2071-1050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]}}}