{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T06:52:38Z","timestamp":1777186358490,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]],"date-time":"2022-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDB\/00102\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00102\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["SFRH\/BD\/147920\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/147920\/2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the European Union (EU), waste is classified according to the List of Waste (LoW) and relying on the assessment of 15 hazardous properties (HPs). Incineration bottom ash (IBA) from municipal solid waste is a mirror entry in the LoW, which leads to extremely different management options within the EU. IBA has shown potential for different applications under a circular economy perspective, contributing both to avoiding waste landfilling and the consumption of natural resources, such as sand and gravel. In this context, IBA evaluation and classification play a significant role in understanding which protection measures should be taken. This work aims to present an assessment of the 15 HPs and the consequent classification of IBA using data from the industry. Each HP is assessed based on knowledge of waste, chemical composition considering concentration limits for hazardous substances, and\/or through tests (chemical, physical, or biological). According to the criteria followed, 5 out of 6 samples from a Portuguese Waste-to-Energy plant were considered non-hazardous. Only one sample was classified as hazardous due to the assignment of HP 10, which resulted from Pb content (0.36%) above the concentration limit established for this property (0.3%). Nonetheless, although most hazardous entries in the LoW have this classification based on HP 14, the results obtained for the samples of this work seem to indicate IBA from this study is non-ecotoxic. Moreover, it has been suggested that IBA could possibly achieve the End-of-Waste status according to the Waste Framework Directive. For such purpose, clear criteria should be laid down to safely use the material, and testing is a crucial step.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su141610352","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]],"date-time":"2022-08-22T01:56:40Z","timestamp":1661133400000},"page":"10352","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A Study on the Classification of a Mirror Entry in the European List of Waste: Incineration Bottom Ash from Municipal Solid Waste"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2796-4996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz S.","family":"Bandarra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua S\u00edlvio Lima, P\u00f3lo II\u2014Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"S\u00f3nia","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Teramb-Empresa Municipal de Gest\u00e3o e Valoriza\u00e7\u00e3o Ambiental da Ilha da Terceira, EM, Central de Tratamento e Valoriza\u00e7\u00e3o de Res\u00edduos da Ilha Terceira, Canada do Cidral n\u00b055, S\u00e3o Bento, 9700-135 Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7573-6184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana L.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM\u2014Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1376-0829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui C.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua S\u00edlvio Lima, P\u00f3lo II\u2014Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9651-2427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarida J.","family":"Quina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua S\u00edlvio Lima, P\u00f3lo II\u2014Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2022, May 01). Eurostat Generation of Waste by Waste Category, Hazardousness and NACE Rev. 2 Activity. Available online: http:\/\/appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu\/nui\/show.do?lang=en&dataset=env_wasgen."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"13","article-title":"Hazard classification of waste: Review of available practical methods and tools","volume":"7","author":"Hennebert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Detritus"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2017.11.048","article-title":"Proposal of concentration limits for determining the hazard property HP 14 for waste using ecotoxicological tests","volume":"74","author":"Hennebert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2005.12.016","article-title":"Selecting a battery of bioassays for ecotoxicological characterization of wastes","volume":"363","author":"Pandard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"BIO by Deloitte (2022, July 22). Study to Assess the Impacts of Different Classification Approaches for Hazard Property \u201cHP 14\u201d on Selected Waste Streams\u2014Final Report. Prepared for the European Commission (DG ENV), in Collaboration with INERIS. Available online: https:\/\/op.europa.eu\/en\/publication-detail\/-\/publication\/389b10f0-98bf-11e5-983e-01aa75ed71a1."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1002\/ieam.1447","article-title":"Proposal for a \u201cHarmonized\u201d strategy for the assessment of the HP 14 property","volume":"9","author":"Pandard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2007.10.003","article-title":"Ecotoxicological characterization of hazardous wastes","volume":"70","author":"Wilke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2009.03.032","article-title":"Ecotoxicological characterisation of 12 incineration ashes using 6 laboratory tests","volume":"29","author":"Moser","year":"2009","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2007.05.004","article-title":"Characterization of MSWI bottom ashes towards utilization as glass raw material","volume":"28","author":"Monteiro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2016.08.030","article-title":"Evaluation of frameworks for ecotoxicological hazard classification of waste","volume":"58","author":"Wik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"CEWEP Confederation of European Waste-to-Energy Plants (2021, March 11). Bottom Ash Factsheet. Available online: http:\/\/www.cewep.eu\/2017\/09\/08\/bottom-ash-factsheet\/."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.05.044","article-title":"Review of MSWI bottom ash utilization from perspectives of collective characterization, treatment and existing application","volume":"79","author":"Dou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.11.031","article-title":"Legal situation and current practice of waste incineration bottom ash utilisation in Europe","volume":"102","author":"Blasenbauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.118443","article-title":"Municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash as alkali-activated cement precursor depending on particle size","volume":"242","author":"Formosa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3894(00)00270-3","article-title":"Short-term natural weathering of MSWI bottom ash","volume":"79","author":"Chimenos","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.03.004","article-title":"Review of leaching behavior of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) ash","volume":"668","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3894(98)00246-5","article-title":"Characterization of the bottom ash in municipal solid waste incinerator","volume":"64","author":"Chimenos","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Born, J.-P., and van Brecht, A. (2022, January 27). Recycling Potentials of MSWI Bottom Ash. Available online: https:\/\/www.cewep.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/1318_avb_and_jp_born_2014_cewep_conference_bottom_ash_reuse.pdf."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijprt.2016.12.003","article-title":"Municipal incinerated bottom ash (MIBA) characteristics and potential for use in road pavements","volume":"10","author":"Lynn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330.2014.982714","article-title":"A road pavement full-scale test track containing stabilized bottom ashes","volume":"36","author":"Toraldo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joseph, A.M., Snellings, R., van den Heede, P., Matthys, S., and de Belie, N. (2018). The use of municipal solid waste incineration ash in various building materials: A Belgian point of view. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11010141"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.03.141","article-title":"Combined use of MSWI bottom ash and fly ash as aggregate in concrete formulation: Environmental and mechanical considerations","volume":"169","author":"Chimenos","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Grosso, M., Biganzoli, L., and RIgamonti, L. (2011, January 5\u20136). Italian experience and research on bottom ash recovery. Proceedings of the \u201cFrom Ashes to Metals\u201d, CEWEP\u2013EAA Seminar, Copenhagen, Denmark."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2018.09.011","article-title":"Environmental impacts of the use of bottom ashes from municipal solid waste incineration: A review","volume":"140","author":"Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1007\/s12649-016-9704-0","article-title":"Recycling of MSWI Bottom Ash: A Review of Chemical Barriers, Engineering Applications and Treatment Technologies","volume":"8","author":"Verbinnen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Waste Biomass Valorization"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3989\/mc.2005.v55.i280.202","article-title":"Recycling industrial waste in brick manufacture. Part 1","volume":"55","author":"Andreola","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mater. Constr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2007.09.103","article-title":"Reuse of incinerator bottom and fly ashes to obtain glassy materials","volume":"153","author":"Andreola","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-053X(02)00077-6","article-title":"Use of municipal incinerator bottom ash as sintering promoter in industrial ceramics","volume":"22","author":"Barbieri","year":"2002","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2005.11.008","article-title":"Development and properties of a glass made from MSWI bottom ash","volume":"352","author":"Monteiro","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Non. Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2017.06.043","article-title":"Use of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ashes in alkali-activated materials, ceramics and granular applications: A review","volume":"68","author":"Silva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.3390\/su2071943","article-title":"Use of incineration MSW ash: A review","volume":"2","author":"Lam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtice.2015.10.013","article-title":"Conversion of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash to sorbent material for pollutants removal from water","volume":"60","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-053X(02)00163-0","article-title":"The adsorption characteristics of heavy metals by various particle sizes of MSWI bottom ash","volume":"23","author":"Shim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vincevica-gaile, Z., Teppand, T., Kriipsalu, M., Krievans, M., Jani, Y., Klavins, M., Hendroko Setyobudi, R., Grinfelde, I., Rudovica, V., and Tamm, T. (2021). Towards Sustainable Soil Stabilization in Peatlands: Secondary Raw Materials as an Alternative. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13126726"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Neuwahl, F., Cusano, G., Benavides, J.G., Holbrook, S., and Serge, R. (2019). Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for Waste Incineration. Industrial Emissions Directive 2010\/75\/EU (Integrated Pollution Prevention), Science for Policy Report by the Joint Research Centre, European Commission."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Daphtoxkit FTM Crustacean Toxicity Screening Testfor Freshwater (2022, June 08). Standard Operational Procedure. Available online: https:\/\/www.microbiotests.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/daphnia-toxicity-test_daphtoxkit-f_standard-operating-procedure.pdf."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2010.03.010","article-title":"Understanding the chemical and mineralogical properties of the inorganic portion of MSWI bottom ash","volume":"30","author":"Bayuseno","year":"2010","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"European Commission Technical Working Group on Waste Incineration (2006). Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Reference Document on the Best Available Techniques for Waste Incineration, European Commission."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Jensen, P.A., Dam-Johansen, K., Frandsen, F., B\u00f8jer, M., Kl\u00f8ft, H., Nesterov, I., Hyks, J., Astrup, T., Lundtorp, K., and Madsen, O.H. (2022, July 22). Improved Electrical Efficiency and Bottom Ash Quality on Waste Combustion Plants. Available online: https:\/\/backend.orbit.dtu.dk\/ws\/portalfiles\/portal\/5150732\/Final+resume+report.pdf."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Klymko, T., Dijkstra, J.J., and van Zomeren, A. (2017). Guidance Document on Hazard Classification of MSWI Bottom Ash. ECN Report, ECN."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Prasad, M.N.V., and Shih, K. (2016). Treatment and reuse of incineration bottom ash. Environmental Materials and Waste: Resource Recovery and Pollution Prevention, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Holm, O., and Thome-Kozmiensky, E. (2015). Recovery of metals from waste incineration bottom ash. Treatment and Utilisation of Waste Incineration Bottom Ash, UMTEC."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2004.07.004","article-title":"Characterization of bottom ash in municipal solid waste incinerators for its use in road base","volume":"24","author":"Forteza","year":"2004","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.06.047","article-title":"Chemical composition and leachability of differently sized material fractions of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash","volume":"95","author":"Huber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2008.06.011","article-title":"Leaching from MSWI bottom ash: Evaluation of non-equilibrium in column percolation experiments","volume":"29","author":"Hyks","year":"2009","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2014.12.009","article-title":"Thermal treatment of solid residues from WtE units: A review","volume":"37","author":"Lindberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2010.08.005","article-title":"The recycling of MSWI bottom ash in silicate based ceramic","volume":"36","author":"Rambaldi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2015.10.003","article-title":"Leaching optimization of municipal solid waste incineration ash for resource recovery: A case study of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd","volume":"48","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2014.12.028","article-title":"Development of a sintering process for recycling oil shale fly ash and municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash into glass ceramic composite","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Chandler, A.J., Eighmy, T.T., Hartl\u00e9n, J., Hjelmar, O., Kosson, D.S., Sawell, S.E., van der Sloot, H.A., and Vehlow, J. (1997). Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Residues. The International Ash Working Group (IAWG), Elsevier. Studies in Environmental Science, 67."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.01.107","article-title":"Cr, Cu, Hg and Ni release from incineration bottom ash during utilization in land reclamation\u2014Based on lab-scale batch and column leaching experiments and a modeling study","volume":"197","author":"Yin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122433","article-title":"Metal recovery from incineration bottom ash: State-of-the-art and recent developments","volume":"393","author":"Simon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3894(95)00120-4","article-title":"Municipal solid waste combustion ash: State-of-the-knowledge","volume":"47","author":"Wiles","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bandarra, B.S., Pereira, J.L., Martins, R.C., Maldonado-Alameda, A., Chimenos, J.M., and Quina, M.J. (2021). Opportunities and barriers for valorizing waste incineration bottom ash: Iberian countries as a case study. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11209690"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.09.174","article-title":"Limitations and quality upgrading techniques for utilization of MSW incineration bottom ash in engineering applications\u2014A review","volume":"190","author":"Xuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Wahlstr\u00f6m, M., Laine-Ylijok, J., Wik, O., Oberender, A., and Hjelmar, O. (2016). Hazardous Waste Classification: Amendments to the European Waste Classification Regulation\u2014What Do They Mean and What Are the Consequences?, Report for the Nordic Council of Ministers."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Hjelmar, O., van der Sloot, H.A., and van Zomeren, A. (October, January 30). Hazard property classification of high temperature waste materials. Proceedings of the Sardinia 2013: Sardinia 2013\u201314th International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, Cagliari, Italy."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"WRc (2022, July 22). Assessment of Hazard Classification of UK IBA. Report for the January\u2013June 2011 IBA Dataset. Report for Environmental Services Association. WRc Reference: UC8540.06. Available online: http:\/\/www.esauk.org\/application\/files\/5915\/3606\/9320\/Assessment_of_hazard_classification_of_IBA.pdf."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2014.05.021","article-title":"Hazard property classification of waste according to the recent propositions of the EC using different methods","volume":"34","author":"Hennebert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"1195","article-title":"Ecotoxicological assessment of solid wastes: A combined liquid- and solid-phase testing approach using a battery of bioassays and biomarkers","volume":"18","author":"Ferrari","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-053X(02)00009-0","article-title":"Ecotoxicological assessment of leachates from MSWI bottom ashes","volume":"22","author":"Lapa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moser, H., and R\u00f6mbke, J. (2009). Ecotoxicological Characterization of Waste\u2014Results and Experiences of a European Ring Test, Springer Ltd.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-88959-7"},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Levenseat (2022, May 20). Sustainable Aggregates First to Achieve End-Of-Waste Status in Scotland. Available online: https:\/\/levenseat.co.uk\/sustainable-aggregates-first-to-achieve-end-of-waste-status-in-scotland\/."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"SEPA\u2013Scottish Environment Protection Agency (2022, May 25). Use of Incinerator Bottom Ash Aggregate. Available online: https:\/\/www.sepa.org.uk\/media\/461450\/wst-ps-045-use-of-incinerator-bottom-ash-aggregate.pdf."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3390\/su16031261","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]],"date-time":"2022-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660867200000}}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/14\/16\/10352\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,3]],"date-time":"2025-08-03T13:59:17Z","timestamp":1754229557000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/14\/16\/10352"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["su141610352"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su141610352","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3390\/su16031261","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2071-1050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]]}}}