{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T07:53:02Z","timestamp":1772524382573,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,28]],"date-time":"2022-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the European Union in the program LIFE G.A. LIFE18","award":["CCA\/ES\/001109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCA\/ES\/001109"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Water scarcity is increasing in the Mediterranean and alternative sources of water are needed to meet food production needs, protect the environment and reduce the effects of climate change. Currently, many urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) produce high volumes of treated effluents which can be an alternative source of water for agriculture irrigation, since they fulfill the quality requirements for crops and the environment. This work analyzed the quantity and quality of a treated effluent produced by an urban WWTP in Algarve, and the environmental benefits of its use on the irrigation of a citrus orchard, as an alternative to groundwater. Carbon dioxide emissions related to orange production were quantified and the orchard\u2019s potential to sequester CO2 was estimated. The reuse of this urban wastewater is revealed to be technologically feasible and environmentally advantageous, avoiding the overexploitation of the local aquifer and preventing the eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems, contributing to the improvement of soil characteristics and decreasing the carbon emissions in orange production. Furthermore, it was found that during the five-month experimental period, the citrus orchard sequestered 87.5% of the CO2e emitted by WWTP in the effluent treatment, converting 72,623 kg of sequestered CO2 into orange biomass.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su141710715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]],"date-time":"2022-08-30T01:37:55Z","timestamp":1661823475000},"page":"10715","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Urban Wastewater Reuse for Citrus Irrigation in Algarve, Portugal\u2014Environmental Benefits and Carbon Fluxes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3331-8280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Moreira da Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Engineering, Campus da Penha, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"CIMA\u2014Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"CEiiA\u2014Centre of Engineering and Development, Avenida D. Afonso Henriques 1825, 4450-017 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Fl\u00e1via C.","family":"Resende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Engineering, Campus da Penha, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"B\u00e1rbara","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9704-5824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaime","family":"An\u00edbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Engineering, Campus da Penha, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"CIMA\u2014Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1guas do Algarve, S.A., \u00c1guas de Portugal Group, Rua do Repouso, 10, 8000-302 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2763-1916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Am\u00edlcar","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"MED\u2014Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture Environment and Development, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2017.10.015","article-title":"Agro-industrial wastewater reuse for irrigation of a vegetable crop succession under Mediterranean conditions","volume":"196","author":"Libutti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. 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