{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T14:04:44Z","timestamp":1773237884494,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]],"date-time":"2022-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Salud (Andalusian Government) and FEDER","award":["PI-0094-2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI-0094-2017"]}]},{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Salud (Andalusian Government) and FEDER","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020 (ALiCE)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020 (ALiCE)"]}]},{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Salud (Andalusian Government) and FEDER","award":["UIDB\/00511\/2020-UIDP\/00511\/2020 (LEPABE)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00511\/2020-UIDP\/00511\/2020 (LEPABE)"]}]},{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Salud (Andalusian Government) and FEDER","award":["POCI\u201301\u20130145\u2013FEDER\u2013032201 (EMISSIP)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI\u201301\u20130145\u2013FEDER\u2013032201 (EMISSIP)"]}]},{"name":"National funds","award":["PI-0094-2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI-0094-2017"]}]},{"name":"National funds","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020 (ALiCE)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020 (ALiCE)"]}]},{"name":"National funds","award":["UIDB\/00511\/2020-UIDP\/00511\/2020 (LEPABE)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00511\/2020-UIDP\/00511\/2020 (LEPABE)"]}]},{"name":"National funds","award":["POCI\u201301\u20130145\u2013FEDER\u2013032201 (EMISSIP)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI\u201301\u20130145\u2013FEDER\u2013032201 (EMISSIP)"]}]},{"name":"FEDER","award":["PI-0094-2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI-0094-2017"]}]},{"name":"FEDER","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020 (ALiCE)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020 (ALiCE)"]}]},{"name":"FEDER","award":["UIDB\/00511\/2020-UIDP\/00511\/2020 (LEPABE)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00511\/2020-UIDP\/00511\/2020 (LEPABE)"]}]},{"name":"FEDER","award":["POCI\u201301\u20130145\u2013FEDER\u2013032201 (EMISSIP)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI\u201301\u20130145\u2013FEDER\u2013032201 (EMISSIP)"]}]},{"name":"national funds (PIDDAC)","award":["PI-0094-2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI-0094-2017"]}]},{"name":"national funds (PIDDAC)","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020 (ALiCE)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020 (ALiCE)"]}]},{"name":"national funds (PIDDAC)","award":["UIDB\/00511\/2020-UIDP\/00511\/2020 (LEPABE)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00511\/2020-UIDP\/00511\/2020 (LEPABE)"]}]},{"name":"national funds (PIDDAC)","award":["POCI\u201301\u20130145\u2013FEDER\u2013032201 (EMISSIP)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI\u201301\u20130145\u2013FEDER\u2013032201 (EMISSIP)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gaseous and particulate emissions from oceangoing ships have a significant effect on the quality of air in cities. This study estimates mainly the influence of NOx, SOx, and particulate matter (PM2.5) on air quality in the Strait of Gibraltar (Spain) using the authors\u2019 own Ship\u2019s Energy and Emissions Model (SENEM) and the California Puff air quality model (CALPUFF) in 2017. The Algeciras Bay Industrial Zone recorded the highest levels of pollutants, and the Palmones area was identified as a major hotspot, with mean daily ship-sourced SOx concentrations &gt;215 \u03bcg\/m3, while the highest concentrations of PM10 reached 8.5 \u03bcg\/m3 inside the Strait, and the mean yearly contribution of PM2.5 reached 0.86 \u03bcg\/m3 in the city of Algeciras. The incidence of maritime traffic emissions on the levels of particle emissions, CO, HC, NMVOC, and CO2 reached values of up to 20\u201325% in all the receivers defined in the study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su141912507","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T05:12:21Z","timestamp":1665378741000},"page":"12507","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The Influence of Emissions from Maritime Transport on Air Quality in the Strait of Gibraltar (Spain)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9656-6428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa","family":"Dur\u00e1n-Grados","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de M\u00e1quinas y Motores T\u00e9rmicos, University of C\u00e1diz, 11519 C\u00e1diz, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5450-9000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rub\u00e9n","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de M\u00e1quinas y Motores T\u00e9rmicos, University of C\u00e1diz, 11519 C\u00e1diz, Spain"}]},{"given":"F\u00e1tima","family":"Calderay-Cayetano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de M\u00e1quinas y Motores T\u00e9rmicos, University of C\u00e1diz, 11519 C\u00e1diz, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0214-1328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yolanda","family":"Amado-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de M\u00e1quinas y Motores T\u00e9rmicos, University of C\u00e1diz, 11519 C\u00e1diz, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3719-318X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilio","family":"P\u00e1jaro-Vel\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de M\u00e1quinas y Motores T\u00e9rmicos, University of C\u00e1diz, 11519 C\u00e1diz, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0810-7916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael A. O.","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio de Engenharia de Processos, Ambiente, Biotecnolog\u00eda e Energ\u00eda, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria C. M.","family":"Alvim-Ferraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio de Engenharia de Processos, Ambiente, Biotecnolog\u00eda e Energ\u00eda, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4139-673X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia I. V.","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio de Engenharia de Processos, Ambiente, Biotecnolog\u00eda e Energ\u00eda, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Moreno-Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de M\u00e1quinas y Motores T\u00e9rmicos, University of C\u00e1diz, 11519 C\u00e1diz, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1080\/01441647.2013.806604","article-title":"Atmospheric Emissions from Shipping: The Need for Regulation and Approaches to Compliance","volume":"33","author":"Cullinane","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transp. 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