{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T16:48:21Z","timestamp":1776444501970,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]],"date-time":"2022-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIBD\/04035\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIBD\/04035\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BD\/152289\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BD\/152289\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the past decade, there has been an increase in the environmental performance assessment in earth construction through the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. A Systematic Literature Review verified LCA methodology trends of five earth construction techniques from 2016 to April 2022, resulting in 27 studies. The results have been analyzed through qualitative thematic analysis, considering LCA methodology. Considering embodied carbon (GWP) and embodied energy, transportation and binder content were the main factors that influenced environmental performance. Hence, earth-based constructions exhibit better results in different impact categories than conventional materials. Environmental guidelines and technical features that were presented in the LCA studies are discussed for Adobe, Cob, Rammed Earth (RE), Compressed Earth Block (CEB), and Light Straw Clay (LSC). This study presents environmental benchmarks at the unit, wall, and building scales aiming to encourage LCA methodology applied to earth construction techniques and fostering the discussion of earth construction sustainability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su142013228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T05:08:02Z","timestamp":1665983282000},"page":"13228","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in Earth Construction: A Systematic Literature Review Considering Five Construction Techniques"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7953-4694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deborah","family":"Arduin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geobiotec Research Unit, Geosciences Department, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3108-2833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas Rosse","family":"Caldas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Architecture Graduate Program (PROARQ), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Ilha do Fund\u00e3o, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21941-901, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9392-9238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rayane de Lima Moura","family":"Paiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering Program\u2014COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Ilha do Fund\u00e3o, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21941-972, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3636-3933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geobiotec Research Unit, Geosciences Department, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1080\/15583058.2018.1459954","article-title":"The Sustainability of Adobe Construction: Past to Future","volume":"13","author":"Costa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. 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