{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T20:21:01Z","timestamp":1770754861409,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]],"date-time":"2022-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cost-effective manufacturing processes or products are no longer the only requirements for business sustainability. An approach based on Game Theory is suggested to find solutions for bi-objective problems. In particular, Stackelberg\u2019s technique is employed and complemented with the Factors Scaling tool to help the users in defining its strategy for optimizing process and product quality characteristics. No subjective information (shape factors, weights, and\/or any other preference information) is required from the users, and basic computational background is enough for implementing it. Two case studies provide evidence that the suggested easy-to-use approach can yield nondominated solutions from a small number of Leader\u2013Follower cycles, what reinforces its usefulness for bi-objective optimization problems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su142214910","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T02:29:32Z","timestamp":1668392972000},"page":"14910","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Bi-Objective Optimization Problems\u2014A Game Theory Perspective to Improve Process and Product"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6039-8143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Set\u00fabal, ESTSet\u00fabal, Campus do IPS-Estefanilha, 2910-761 Set\u00fabal, Portugal"},{"name":"Research & Development Unit for Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Louren\u00e7o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Set\u00fabal, ESTSet\u00fabal, Campus do IPS-Estefanilha, 2910-761 Set\u00fabal, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1108\/IJLSS-11-2017-0130","article-title":"Top ten reasons for process improvement project failures","volume":"10","author":"Antony","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. 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