{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T21:33:55Z","timestamp":1775684035628,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]],"date-time":"2022-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese national funds through the FCT (Foundation for Science and Technology)","award":["UIDB\/00317\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00317\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese national funds through the FCT (Foundation for Science and Technology)","award":["UIDP\/00317\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00317\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic created the need for universal vaccination. This study aimed to compare university students\u2019 (pre-service teachers) conceptions who had already learned the immune system and vaccination topics in the \u201cHuman Biology and Health (HBH)\u201d curricular unit with those who had not yet taken part in it. It also intended to verify the influence of secondary school background, perception of one\u2019s own health, feeling at risk for COVID-19 and their own experience with it and scientific knowledge related to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. It was a cross-sectional study with a mixed methodology for data analysis. A questionnaire was applied online to a sample of 102 university students. Results show that students who had already taken the subject on the immune system and vaccination had more acceptable conceptions about the vaccine and wanted to be vaccinated but not in the initial moment of the national vaccination process. The fear of adverse reactions seemed to be the major hesitancy factor. Furthermore, students\u2019 argumentation showed that their conceptions progressed towards more socio-scientific reasoning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su15010041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T02:31:33Z","timestamp":1671589893000},"page":"41","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Influence of Human Biology and Health (HBH) Teaching\u2013Learning Process on Students\u2019 Conceptions of the COVID-19 Vaccine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3786-6559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Z\u00e9lia Ca\u00e7ador","family":"Anast\u00e1cio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre on Child Studies, Institute of Education, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Thayn\u00e1 Champe","family":"Da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre on Child Studies, Institute of Education, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1721-5836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Celeste Meirinho","family":"Ant\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), Higher School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Bragan\u00e7a, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Andrea Stopiglia Guedes","family":"Braide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Educational Development, Cear\u00e1 School of Public Health, Fortaleza 60165-090, CE, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9740-4199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iara Denise Endruweit","family":"Battisti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Cerro Largo 97900-000, RS, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0034-1329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gra\u00e7a S.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre on Child Studies, Institute of Education, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021). WHO-Convened Global Study of Origins SARS-CoV-2: China Part, WHO. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/who-convened-global-study-of-origins-of-sars-cov-2-china-part."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization, and R&D Blueprint (2020). A Coordinated Global Research Roadmap: 2019 Novel Coronavirus, WHO. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/a-coordinated-global-research-roadmap."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"ECDC, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2022, February 12). SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern as of 10 February 2022. EU. Available online: https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/covid-19\/variants-concern."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manuto, L., Grazioli, M., Spitaleri, A., Fontana, P., Bianco, L., Bertolotti, L., Bado, M., Mazzotti, G., Bianca, F., and Onelia, F. (2022). Rapid SARS-CoV-2 Intra-Host and Within-Household Emergence of Novel Haplotypes. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14020399"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramkissoon, H. (2021). Social Bonding and Public Trust\/Distrust in COVID-19 Vaccines. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su131810248"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"United Nations (2015). Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Available online: https:\/\/sdgs.un.org\/publications\/transforming-our-world-2030-agenda-sustainable-development-17981."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Massarani, L., Waltz, I., Leal, T., and Modesto, M. (2021). Narratives about vaccination in the age of fake news: A content analysis on social networks. Sa\u00fade Soc. S\u00e3o Paulo, 30.","DOI":"10.1590\/s0104-12902021200317"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2016). Let\u2019s Talk About Hesitancy, ECDC. Available online: https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/media\/en\/publications\/Publications\/lets-talk-about-hesitancy-vaccination-guide.pdf."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piccaluga, P.P., Di Guardo, A., Lagni, A., Lotti, V., Diani, E., Navari, M., and Gibellini, D. (2022). COVID-19 Vaccine: Between Myth and Truth. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10030349"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"24","article-title":"The Epistemological and Didactical Challenges Involved in Teaching Socially Acute Questions. The example of Globalization","volume":"9","author":"Simmoneaux","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Soc. Sci. Educ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morin, O., Simonneaux, L., and Titler, R. (2017). Engaging with Socially Acute Questions: Development and Validation of an Interactional Reasoning Framework. J. Res. Sci. Teach., 54.","DOI":"10.1002\/tea.21386"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Socio-scientific Issues (SSI) in Initial Training of Primary School Teachers: Pre-service Teachers\u2019 Conceptualization of SSI and Appreciation of the Value of Teaching SSI","volume":"6","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alcaraz-Dominguez, S., and Barajas, M. (2021). Conceiving Socioscientific Issues in STEM Lessons from Science Education Research and Practice. Educ. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci11050238"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"World Health Orgnization (2020). WHO\u2013How do Vaccines Work?, WHO."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murphy, K., and Weaver, C. (2017). Janeway\u2019s Immunobiology, Taylor & Francis. [9th ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-56004-4"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Bardin, L. (2015). An\u00e1lise de Conte\u00fado, Edi\u00e7\u00f5es 70. [4th ed.]. Edi\u00e7\u00e3o Revista e Actualizada."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen, L., Manion, L., and Morrison, K. (2017). Research Methods in Education, Routledge. [8th ed.].","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315456539"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"PORTUGAL (2020, November 15). Lei n.\u00ba 58\/2019 de 8 de Agosto. Available online: https:\/\/dre.pt\/dre\/detalhe\/lei\/58-2019-123815982."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, M., Davis, R.E., and Wilkerson, A.H. (2021). COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance among College Students: A Theory-Based Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094617"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janssen, C., Maillard, A., Bodelet, C., Claudel, A.-L., Gaillat, J., Delory, T., and ACV Alpin Study Group (2021). Hesitancy towards COVID-19 Vaccination among Healthcare Workers: A Multi-Centric Survey in France. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9060547"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shekhar, R., Sheikh, A.B., Upadhyay, S., Singh, M., Kottewar, S., Mir, H., Barrett, E., and Pal, S. (2021). COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance among Health Care Workers in the United States. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.01.03.21249184"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1080\/09500693.2019.1707905","article-title":"Development and validation of a questionnaire measuring secondary students\u2019 genetic essentialism and teleology (GET) conceptions","volume":"42","author":"Stern","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Educ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fajar, J.K., Sallam, M., Soegiarto, G., Sugiri, Y.J., Anshory, M., Wulandari, L., Kosasih, S.A.P., Ilmawan, M., Kusnaeni, K., and Fikri, M. (2022). Global Prevalence and Potential Influencing Factors of COVID-19 Vaccination Hesitancy: A Meta-Analysis. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10081356"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020). WHO Sage Values Framework for the Allocation and Prioritization of COVID-19 Vaccination, WHO. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/who-sage-values-framework-for-the-allocation-and-prioritization-of-covid-19-vaccination."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Institute for Government (2022, September 26). UK Coronavirus Priority Groups. Available online: https:\/\/www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk\/charts\/coronavirus-vaccination-priority-groups."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2021, January 13). Portugal. Vaccination Plan for COVID-19, Available online: https:\/\/eportugal.gov.pt\/en\/noticias\/plano-de-vacinacao-para-a-covid-19."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1002\/sce.21251","article-title":"Styles of Scientific Reasoning: A Cultural Rationale for Science Education?","volume":"101","author":"Kind","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Ed."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1525\/abt.2020.82.9.579","article-title":"How Might the Next Generation Science Standards Support Styles of Scientific Reasoning in Biology?","volume":"82","author":"Rafanelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. Biol. Teach."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021). Vaccines and Immunization: What Is Vaccination?, WHO. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-022-01166-0","article-title":"COVID vaccination in older adults","volume":"7","author":"Religa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-022-01163-3","article-title":"Neutralizing antibody activity against 21 SARS-CoV-2 variants in older adults vaccinated with BNT162b2","volume":"7","author":"Newman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.04.036","article-title":"Vaccine hesitancy: Definition, scope and determinants","volume":"33","author":"Macdonald","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31558-0","article-title":"Mapping global trends in vaccine confidence and investigating barriers to vaccine uptake: A large-scale retrospective temporal modelling study","volume":"396","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mongua-Rodr\u00edguez, N., Rodr\u00edguez-\u00c1lvarez, M., De-la-Rosa-Zamboni, D., Jim\u00e9nez-Corona, M.E., Casta\u00f1eda-Cediel, M.L., Miranda-Novales, G., Cruz-Pacheco, G., Ferreira-Guerrero, E., Ferreyra-Reyes, L., and Delgado-S\u00e1nchez, G. (2022). Knowledge, attitudes, perceptions, and COVID-19 hesitancy in a large public university in Mexico City during the early vaccination rollout. BMC Public Health, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-14225-2"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Machado, E. (2020). Preconcep\u00e7\u00f5es sobre vacinas entre licenciandos em ci\u00eancias biol\u00f3gicas: Implica\u00e7\u00f5es na forma\u00e7\u00e3o de professores. As Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas nas Dimens\u00f5es Humanista, Cr\u00edtica e Reflexiva, Atena Editora.","DOI":"10.22533\/at.ed.315200505"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.22600\/1518-8795.ienci2016v21n3p1","article-title":"Students\u2019 conceptions about Immunology and human immune system","volume":"21","author":"Andrade","year":"2016","journal-title":"Investig. Ensino Ci\u00eanc."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1","article-title":"Concep\u00e7\u00f5es pr\u00e9vias de universit\u00e1rios sobre o sistema imunol\u00f3gico","volume":"6","author":"Barreto","year":"2013","journal-title":"R. Bras. Ensino C&T"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"29","article-title":"Modelizaci\u00f3n, argumentaci\u00f3n y transferencia de conocimiento sobre el sistema inmunol\u00f3gico a partir de una controversia sobre vacunaci\u00f3n en futuros docentes","volume":"35","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ense\u00f1. Cienc."}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/15\/1\/41\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:44:49Z","timestamp":1760147089000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/15\/1\/41"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["su15010041"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su15010041","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2071-1050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]]}}}