{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T03:39:58Z","timestamp":1770521998572,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"CONSTRUCT\u2014Instituto de I&amp;D em Estruturas e Constru\u00e7\u00f5es","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04708\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04708\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"CONSTRUCT\u2014Instituto de I&amp;D em Estruturas e Constru\u00e7\u00f5es","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/07370\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/07370\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04708\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04708\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/07370\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/07370\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Slags and rubber from end-of-life tires represent a liability to the steel and tire industry, causing economic and environmental problems that are difficult to manage. Transport infrastructures can use these industrial by-products instead of extracting natural raw materials, but the adequate mechanical performance of the materials needs to be assured. This paper addresses the mechanical behaviour of slag\u2013rubber mixtures in the laboratory with CBR, monotonic and cyclic triaxial tests. In addition, light falling weight deflectometer tests were also performed in a physical model. The results were analysed to meet technical specifications from Brazil, Portugal and Australia using railway sub-ballast layers, capping layers or road pavement layers as the base and sub-base to identify the applicability range of slag\u2013rubber mixtures for transport infrastructures. Concerning the analysed parameters, it was demonstrated that slag\u2013rubber mixtures can show resilient behaviour and strength adequate for the support layers of transport infrastructures provided that the rubber content is below 5% in weight and that the slag is milled to comply with the grain size distribution ranges available in the technical specifications of the cited countries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su15021563","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T05:09:32Z","timestamp":1673586572000},"page":"1563","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Mechanical Behaviour of Steel Slag\u2013Rubber Mixtures: Laboratory Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6249-1787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rubens","family":"Alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CONSTRUCT-GEO, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Norte (IFRN), Natal 59015-300, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2625-1452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Rios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONSTRUCT-GEO, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9968-0821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Fortunato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transportation Department, National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC), 1700-066 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9896-1410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Viana da Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONSTRUCT-GEO, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Guimar\u00e3es Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONSTRUCT-GEO, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1520\/JAI103705","article-title":"Case Study to Promote the Use of Industrial Byproducts: The Relevance of Performance Tests","volume":"9","author":"Correia","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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