{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T12:46:22Z","timestamp":1777293982832,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology (Portugal)","award":["UIDB\/00681\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00681\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology (Portugal)","award":["UIDB\/05507\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05507\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology (Portugal)","award":["UIDB\/00742\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00742\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology (Portugal)","award":["UIDB\/00239\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00239\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology (Portugal)","award":["CERNAS-IPV\/2020\/003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CERNAS-IPV\/2020\/003"]}]},{"name":"CERNAS Research Centre","award":["UIDB\/00681\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00681\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CERNAS Research Centre","award":["UIDB\/05507\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05507\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CERNAS Research Centre","award":["UIDB\/00742\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00742\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CERNAS Research Centre","award":["UIDB\/00239\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00239\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CERNAS Research Centre","award":["CERNAS-IPV\/2020\/003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CERNAS-IPV\/2020\/003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Edible insects have been suggested as a more sustainable source of protein, but their consumption varies according to geographical and sociocultural influences. Focusing on the different aspects that can influence people\u2019s attitudes towards edible insects (EI), this work aimed to carry out the statistical validation of an instrument aimed at assessing different dimensions of this field: the KPEI (knowledge and perceptions about EI) scale. The instrument consists of 64 questions distributed by the following dimensions: Culture and Tradition, Gastronomic Innovation and Gourmet Kitchen, Environment and Sustainability, Economic and Social Aspects, Commercialization and Marketing, Nutritional Characteristics, and Health Effects. The data were collected in 13 countries (Croatia, Greece, Latvia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Mexico, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, and Turkey). The validation of the KPEI scale was made through Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The results revealed two acceptable models, both retaining 37 of the 64 initial items, distrusted by the seven dimensions as: Culture and Tradition (5 items), Gastronomic Innovation and Gourmet Kitchen (5 items), Environment and Sustainability (8 items), Economic and Social Aspects (5 items), Commercialisation and Marketing (4 items), Nutritional Aspects (6 items), Health Effects (4 items). Both multifactorial models resulting from the CFA\/SEM analyses showed approximately equal goodness of statistical fit indices with values of Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA), Root Mean Square Residual (RMR), and Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR) partially zero and values of Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) and Comparative Fit Index (CFI) approximately one, i.e., very close to a perfect fit. For the first-order model, the ratio between chi-square and degrees of freedom is \u03c72\/df = 13.734, GFI = 0.932, CFI = 0.930, RMSEA = 0.043, RMR = 0.042, SRMR = 0.042; and for the second-order model \u03c72\/df = 14.697, GFI = 0.926, CFI = 0.923, RMSEA = 0.045, RMR = 0.047, SRMR = 0.046). The values of composite reliability (CR = 0.967) and mean extracted variance (MEV = 0.448) are indicative of a good fit. Finally, the reliability analysis indicated a very good internal consistency (Cronbach\u2019s \u03b1 = 0.941). These results confirm the successful validation of the KPEI scale, making it a valuable instrument for future application at the international level.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su15042992","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T02:29:08Z","timestamp":1675823348000},"page":"2992","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Validation of the Scale Knowledge and Perceptions about Edible Insects through Structural Equation Modelling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0595-6805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel P. F.","family":"Guin\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CERNAS-IPV Research Centre, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3555-4826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Chuck-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2252-0149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nada M.","family":"Boustani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Business and Administration, Saint Joseph University, Beirut 1104 2020, Lebanon"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8132-8299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilija","family":"Djekic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Safety and Quality Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3706-1280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Bartkiene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Safety and Quality, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2734-7955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marijana Matec","family":"Sari\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Studies, University of Zadar, 23 000 Zadar, Croatia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7009-846X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Papageorgiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, International Hellenic University, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0300-0407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malgorzata","family":"Korzeniowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Food Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5170-3687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Combarros-Fuertes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BALAT Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0537-0196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0161a","family":"\u010cerneli\u010d-Bizjak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Counseling\u2013Dietetics, Faculty of Health Science, University of Primorska, 6320 Izola, Slovenia"}]},{"given":"Roxana","family":"Martin-Hadmas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8295-9877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evita","family":"Straumite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Food Technology, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, LV 3001 Jelgava, Latvia"}]},{"given":"Emel","family":"Damarli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alt\u0131parmak Food Coop, Research & Development Center, 34782 \u0130stanbul, Turkey"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2541-4448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia G.","family":"Floren\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERNAS-IPV Research Centre, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8452-2222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cristina A.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERNAS-IPV Research Centre, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2023-4475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula M. 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