{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T11:29:15Z","timestamp":1776338955128,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (FEDER)","award":["46112-BIOma"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["46112-BIOma"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (FEDER)","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-046112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-046112"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (FEDER)","award":["46112-BIOma"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["46112-BIOma"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (FEDER)","award":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-046112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0247-FEDER-046112"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The wine industry generates a large amount of waste, and composting is an alternative for recycling these residues with agronomic and environmental advantages. With this aim, grape marc and grape stalks were composted in static and turned piles, with three and six turns, to investigate the effects of pile conditions during composting in order to improve final compost quality. Thermophilic temperatures were attained soon after pile construction, and the highest maximum temperatures were achieved in the turned piles (70.5\u201371.8 \u00b0C). However, pile moisture content decreased below the recommended values after day 42 in these piles. The extremely high temperatures and low moisture content in the turned piles hampered organic matter mineralization rates and the amount of potentially mineralizable organic matter (OM0) (391\u2013407 g kg\u22121), whereas the structure of the static pile provided adequate porosity to increase organic matter decomposition and OM0 (568 g kg\u22121). This study shows that composting grape marc with stalks, for a period of 140 days, resulted in stabilized and matured compost (NH4+-N\/NO3\u2013-N &lt; 0.5) with good chemical characteristics for applications as soil organic amendment, without the need for rewetting or turning the piles, thus reducing the agronomic and environmental cost of the composting process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su15043454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T02:16:01Z","timestamp":1676340961000},"page":"3454","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Composting Waste from the White Wine Industry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Rui","family":"Pinto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento em Sistemas Agroalimentares e Sustentabilidade (CISAS), Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun\u2019\u00c1lvares, n\u00ba 34, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria, Ref\u00f3ios, 4990-706 Ponte de Lima, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria, Ref\u00f3ios, 4990-706 Ponte de Lima, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4890-6584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Mour\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria, Ref\u00f3ios, 4990-706 Ponte de Lima, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6465-081X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00edsa","family":"Moura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento em Sistemas Agroalimentares e Sustentabilidade (CISAS), Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun\u2019\u00c1lvares, n\u00ba 34, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria, Ref\u00f3ios, 4990-706 Ponte de Lima, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6606-2963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Miguel","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria, Ref\u00f3ios, 4990-706 Ponte de Lima, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy10121949","article-title":"Sustainable viticulture: Effects of soil management in Vitis vinifera","volume":"10","author":"Cataldo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2022.850272","article-title":"Vineyard Management and its impacts on soil biodiversity, functions, and ecosystems services","volume":"10","author":"Giffard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-020-01050-5","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the ecotoxicological impact of viticultural practices on soil biodiversity","volume":"18","author":"Karimi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1002\/fes3.14","article-title":"An overview of climate change on European viticulture","volume":"1","author":"Fraga","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Energy Secur."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leeuwen, C., Destrac-Irvine, A., Dubernet, M., Duch\u00eane, E., Gowdy, M., Marguerit, E., Pieri, P., Parker, A., Ress\u00e9guier, L., and Ollat, N. (2019). An update on the impact of climate change in viticulture and potential adaptations. Agronomy, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy9090514"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, J.A., Fraga, H., Malheiro, A.C., Moutinho-Pereira, J., Dinis, L., Correia, C., Moriondo, M., Leolini, L., Dibari, C., and Costafreda-Aumedes, S. (2020). A review of the potential climate change impacts and adaptation options for European viticulture. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10093092"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.3354\/cr00740","article-title":"Climate change and winegrape quality in Australia","volume":"36","author":"Webb","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clim. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2017.05.013","article-title":"Effects of compost amendment on the available soil water and grape yield in vineyards planted after land levelling","volume":"191","author":"Ramos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maicas, S., and Mateo, J.J. (2020). Sustainability of wine production. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12020559"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2020.00068","article-title":"Defining and managing for healthy vineyard soils, interactions with the concept of terroir","volume":"8","author":"Lazcano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0238.2005.tb00028.x","article-title":"Implications of nitrogen nutrition for grapes, fermentation and wine","volume":"11","author":"Bell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aust. J. Grape Wine Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02527-14","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02527-14","article-title":"The soil microbiome influences grapevine-associated microbiota","volume":"6","author":"Zarraonaindia","year":"2015","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alatzas, A., Theocharis, S., Miliords, D., Leontaridou, K., Kanellis, A., Kotseridis, Y., Hatzopoulos, P., and Koundouras, S. (2021). The effect of water deficit on two Greek Vitis vinifera L. cultivars: Physiology, grape composition and gene expression during berry development. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10091947"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114794","article-title":"Environment assessement of viticulture waste valorization through composting as a biofertilisation strategie for cerealand fruit crops","volume":"264","author":"Oliveira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badalikova, B., Burg, P., Mas\u00e1n, V., Prudil, J., Jobb\u00e1gy, J., Cizkov\u00e1, A., Kristof, K., and Vasinka, M. (2022). Deep placement of compost into vineyard soil affecting physical properties of soil, yield and quality of grapes. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14137823"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-2743.1998.tb00610.x","article-title":"Influence of farmyard manure, inorganic fertilizers and weed control practices on some soil physical properties in a long-term experiment","volume":"14","author":"Benbi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Soil Use Manag."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15744","article-title":"Soil biodiversity and human health","volume":"528","author":"Wall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1177\/0734242X8300100118","article-title":"The biology of composting: A review","volume":"1","author":"Bertoldi","year":"1983","journal-title":"Waste Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2005.03.041","article-title":"Influence of carbon and buffer amendments on ammonia volatilization in composting","volume":"97","author":"Liang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biorsource Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2012.03.013","article-title":"Simple technologies for on-farm composting of cattle slurry solid fraction","volume":"32","author":"Brito","year":"2012","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2008.11.027","article-title":"Composting of animal manures and chemical criteria for compost maturity assessment. A review","volume":"100","author":"Bernal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330.2014.1002863","article-title":"Co-composting of invasive Acacia longifolia with pine bark for horticultural use","volume":"36","author":"Brito","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2011.06.001","article-title":"Valorization of winery waste vs. the cost of not recycling","volume":"31","author":"Vecino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2023, February 01). INE-Instituto Nacional de Estat\u00edstica 2021. Available online: https:\/\/www.ine.pt\/xportal\/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&indOcorrCod=0004498&contexto=bd&selTab=tab2&xlang=pt."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-007-9208-2","article-title":"Evaluation of mesophilic biodegraded grape marc as soil fertilizer","volume":"14","author":"Moldes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2003.07.012","article-title":"Composting winery waste: Sludges and grape stalks","volume":"95","author":"Bertrand","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1007\/s11783-014-0693-6","article-title":"Integrated approach to winery waste: Waste generation and data consolidation","volume":"10","author":"Oliveira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-9592(01)00327-2","article-title":"Optimization of the rate vinasse\/grape marc for co-composting process","volume":"37","author":"Diaz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2012.12.001","article-title":"Evolution of organic matter during the mesophilic composting of lignocellulosic winery wastes","volume":"116","author":"Paradelo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2007.01.013","article-title":"Agrochemical characterization of the solid by-product and residues from the winery and distillery industry","volume":"28","author":"Bustamante","year":"2008","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.5539\/jfr.v3n2p91","article-title":"The market potential of grapes waste alternatives","volume":"3","author":"Dwier","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2008.03.030","article-title":"Co-composting of distillery wastes with animal manures: Carbon and nitrogen transformations in the evolution of compost stability","volume":"72","author":"Bustamante","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2008.07.007","article-title":"Evaluation of carbon degradation during co-composting of exhausted grape marc with different biowastes","volume":"73","author":"Villasenor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2017.10.016","article-title":"Composting: The way for a sustainable agriculture","volume":"123","author":"Pergula","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Soil Ecol."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(1999). Soil Improvers and Growing Media (Standard No. CEN European Standards: 13037 (pH), 13038 (EC), 13040 (DMC))."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"54","article-title":"Evaluating toxicity of immature compost","volume":"22","author":"Zucconi","year":"1981","journal-title":"Biocycle"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2017.03.001","article-title":"The new ISO 6579-1: A real horizontal standard for detection of Salmonella, at last!","volume":"71","author":"Mooijman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12502","DOI":"10.1111\/jfs.12502","article-title":"Most probable number technique in Escherichia coli count using ISO 16649-3, ISO 7251, and rapid test enumeration device (tempo EC) methods in milk and dairy products","volume":"38","author":"Yoruk","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1007\/s003740000239","article-title":"Evolution of organic matter and nitrogen during co-composting of olive mill wastewater with solid organic wastes","volume":"20","author":"Paredes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol. Fertil. Soils"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1263\/jbb.104.321","article-title":"Effect of temperature on reaction rate and microbial community in composting of cattle manure with rice straw","volume":"104","author":"Tang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biosci. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015137922816","article-title":"Carbon, nutrient, and mass loss during composting","volume":"62","author":"Tiquia","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2007.12.051","article-title":"Evolution of the pathogen content during co-composting of winery and distillery wastes","volume":"99","author":"Bustamante","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.5424\/sjar\/2012102-320-11","article-title":"Composting of wine industry wastes and their use as a substrate for growing soilless ornamental plants","volume":"10","author":"Carmona","year":"2012","journal-title":"Span. J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Portuguese Decree-Law 103\/2015 (2015). Di\u00e1rio da Rep\u00fablica, Minist\u00e9rio da Economia. Available online: https:\/\/www.valorpneu.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/2015_Decreto-Lei-103_alt-DL-178_2006.pdf."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1177\/0734242X13502384","article-title":"Composting for management and resource recovery of invasive Acacia species","volume":"31","author":"Brito","year":"2013","journal-title":"Waste Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2008.11.058","article-title":"Effects of turning frequency on compost stability and some chemical characteristics in a rotary drum compost","volume":"74","author":"Kalamdhad","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, Q., Li, Y., Xue, J., Cheng, D., and Li, Z. (2022). Effects of turning frequency on ammonia emission during the composting of chicken manure and soybean straw. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27020472"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"298","article-title":"Efeito do arejamento no processo de compostagem da frac\u00e7\u00e3o s\u00f3lida do chorume de pecu\u00e1ria leiteira","volume":"33","author":"Brito","year":"2009","journal-title":"Revista de Ci\u00eancias Agr\u00e1rias"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2006.07.035","article-title":"Turning, compacting, and the addition of water as factors affecting gaseous emissions in farm manure composting","volume":"98","author":"Robin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1023\/B:WATE.0000019932.04020.b6","article-title":"Environmental impacts of farm scale composting practices","volume":"153","author":"Girardin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-8524(01)00031-1","article-title":"Nitrogen transformation during organic waste composting by the Rutgers system and its effect on pH, EC and maturity of the composting mixtures","volume":"78","author":"Roig","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1080\/1065657X.2004.10702151","article-title":"Organic matter and nitrogen conservation in manure compost for organic agriculture","volume":"12","author":"Raviv","year":"2004","journal-title":"Compost Sci. Util."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2008.05.005","article-title":"Methods to improve the composting process of the solid fraction of dairy cattle slurry","volume":"99","author":"Brito","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1080\/03601234.2021.1900694","article-title":"Composting of winery waste and characteristics of the final compost according to Brazilian legislation","volume":"5","author":"Barros","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health Part B"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2009.564","article-title":"Chemical composition of composted grape marc","volume":"60","author":"Patti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-8524(01)00125-0","article-title":"Chemical characteristics of Malian and Belgian solid waste composts","volume":"81","author":"Demeyer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-8524(01)00229-2","article-title":"Effect of carbon source on compost nitrogen and carbon losses","volume":"83","author":"Barrington","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"1","article-title":"Changes in microbial population numbers during composting of some organic wastes in greenhouse","volume":"17","author":"Chinakwe","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Adv. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1080\/1065657X.2010.10736944","article-title":"Physicochemical Dynamics of composting screw pressed cattle slurry amended with Italian Reygrass straw or gorse bulking agent","volume":"18","author":"Brito","year":"2010","journal-title":"Compost. Sci. Util."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeBertoldi, M., Sequi, P., Lemmes, B., and Papi, T. (1996). The Science of Composting, Chapman and Hall.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-1569-5"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"623","article-title":"Influences of the thermophilic period on biodegradation and nitrogen loss in stimulated vegetables waste composting","volume":"18","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Global Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2007.08.087","article-title":"Optimizing composting parameters for nitrogen conservation in composting","volume":"99","author":"Bueno","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2009.04.033","article-title":"Study of composting process of winery distillery wastes using multivariate techniques","volume":"100","author":"Bustamante","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2010.10.077","article-title":"Evaluation of maturity and stability parameters of composts prepared from agro-industrial wastes","volume":"102","author":"Raj","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antonic, B., Jancikov\u00e1, S., Dordevic, D., and Tremlov\u00e1, B. (2020). Grape pomace valorization: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9111627"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S1161-0301(00)00087-3","article-title":"Effect of composting on nutrient loss and nitrogen availability of cattle deep litter","volume":"14","author":"Sommer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Agron."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2017.10.049","article-title":"Nitrification within composting: A review","volume":"72","author":"Malinska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.63.3.1011-1018.1997","article-title":"Emission of climate-relevant trace gases and succession of microbial communities during open-windrow composting","volume":"63","author":"Hellmann","year":"1997","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microb."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2017.01.040","article-title":"Evaluation of slurry management strategy and the integration of the composting technology in a pig farm. Agronomical and environmental implications","volume":"192","author":"Clemente","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-8524(99)90068-8","article-title":"Effects of oxygen concentration and moisture content of refuse on nitrification, denitrification and nitrous oxide production","volume":"71","author":"Hwang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2000.00472425002900020008x","article-title":"Comparison of methods for evaluating stability and maturity of biosolids compost","volume":"29","author":"Wu","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"de Bertoldi, M., Ferranti, M.P., L\u2019Hermite, P., and Zucconi, F. (1987). Compost: Quality and Use, Elsevier Applied Science."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/1065657X.2011.10736974","article-title":"Predicting nitrogen and carbon mineralization of composted manure and sewage sludge in soil","volume":"19","author":"Antil","year":"2011","journal-title":"Compost Sci. Util."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Buchanan, M., Brinton, W., Shields, F., West, J., and Thompson, W. (2001). Compost Maturity Index, CCQC\u2014California Compost Quality Council."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2010.02.040","article-title":"Reduction of compost phytotoxicity during the process of decomposition","volume":"79","author":"Tiquia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2008.10.016","article-title":"A statistical analysis to assess the maturity and stability of six composts","volume":"29","author":"Komilis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1080\/07388551.2018.1555514","article-title":"Strategies for recycling and valorization of grape marc","volume":"39","author":"Lores","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Commission of European Communities (2008). Commission Staff Working Document on the Management of Biowaste in the European Union, Commission of European Communities. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX:52010SC0577&from=EL."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2008.02.014","article-title":"Soil and water environmental effects of fertilizer, manure, and compost-based fertility practices in an organic vegetable cropping system","volume":"127","author":"Evanylo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/15\/4\/3454\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:34:22Z","timestamp":1760121262000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/15\/4\/3454"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["su15043454"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su15043454","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints202301.0309.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2071-1050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]]}}}