{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:54:13Z","timestamp":1760147653907,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["SFRH\/BD\/143658\/2019","UID\/GES\/04630\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/143658\/2019","UID\/GES\/04630\/2020"]}]},{"name":"the Portuguese Foundation for the Development of Science and Technology","award":["SFRH\/BD\/143658\/2019","UID\/GES\/04630\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/143658\/2019","UID\/GES\/04630\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The demand for food has been increasing throughout the years, with notable preferences for animal-based foods. Considering the impact of the excessive animal-based consumption on the environment and public health, international organisations and the scientific literature have advised for a large-scale transition towards healthier and more sustainable food consumptions, i.e., a systematic decrease in animal-based consumption followed by an increase in plant-based consumption. However, to effectively promote healthier and more sustainable food choices such as plant-based ones, it is crucial to understand what motivates consumers\u2019 food choices. Based on primary data (N = 1040), representative of the Portuguese population, it was possible to assess the potential motivators behind food choices, allowing to provide guidelines for policy decision. The impact of different socioeconomic characteristics, food consumption orientations, and food-related behaviours on food choices was estimated. In general, most of the drivers of plant-based meals were also motivators for reducing animal-based meals. The main findings demonstrate that the more environmentally conscious and informed the consumer, the more likely they are to choose more plant-based and less animal-based meals on a weekly basis; not only informed consumers, but consumers who actively look for information before buying choose more plant-based meals. Thus, not only information, but, more importantly, education regarding food characteristics and its impact on society should be the focus of policymakers. Understanding the drivers and barriers of food choices is vital for informing future food policy to promote healthier and more sustainable choices rich in plant-based foods, both for Portugal as well as for other European countries, particularly the southern ones with similar culture and where the Mediterranean diet is highly promoted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su15043868","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T02:07:44Z","timestamp":1676945264000},"page":"3868","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["How to Promote Healthier and More Sustainable Food Choices: The Case of Portugal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1029-6258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Francisco","family":"Pais","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit in Business Science and Economics (NECE-UBI), Management and Economics Department, University of Beira Interior, Rua Marqu\u00eas d\u2019\u00c1vila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9906-3874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio Cardoso","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit in Business Science and Economics (NECE-UBI), Management and Economics Department, University of Beira Interior, Rua Marqu\u00eas d\u2019\u00c1vila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6937-5420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Alberto","family":"Fuinhas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Business and Economics Research (CeBER), Faculty of Economics, University of Coimbra, 3004-512 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100201","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aa81dc","article-title":"Rewiring Food Systems to Enhance Human Health and Biosphere Stewardship","volume":"12","author":"Gordon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.2307\/2938388","article-title":"Nutritional Patterns and Transitions","volume":"19","author":"Popkin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Popul. Dev. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2006.02.008","article-title":"Technology, Transport, Globalization and the Nutrition Transition Food Policy","volume":"31","author":"Popkin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"37","article-title":"Wheat in National Diets","volume":"18","author":"Bennett","year":"1941","journal-title":"Wheat Stud. Food Res. Inst."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"FAO (2020, June 06). FAOSTAT Online Database. Available online: http:\/\/faostat.fao.org."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaam5324","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aam5324","article-title":"Meat Consumption, Health, and the Environment","volume":"361","author":"Godfray","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"IPCC (2019). Summary for Policymakers, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Mbow, C.C., Rosenzweig, L.G., Barioni, T.G., Benton, M., Herrero, M., Krishnaspillai, E., Liwenga, P., Pradhan, M.G., Rivera-Ferre, T., and Sapkota, T. (2019). Climate Change and Land, IPCC."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruett, J., Hennes, L., Teubler, J., and Braun, B. (2022). How Compatible Are Western European Dietary Patterns to Climate Targets? Accounting for Uncertainty of Life Cycle Assessments by Applying a Probabilistic Approach. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su142114449"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.04.082","article-title":"Systematic Review of Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Different Fresh Food Categories","volume":"140","author":"Clune","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaq0216","article-title":"Reducing Food\u2019s Environmental Impacts through Producers and Consumers","volume":"360","author":"Poore","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmaa026","article-title":"Systematic Review of Dietary Patterns and Sustainability in the United States","volume":"11","author":"Reinhardt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"064016","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aa6cd5","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of Environmental Impacts of Agricultural Production Systems, Agricultural Input Efficiency, and Food Choice","volume":"12","author":"Clark","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.04.054","article-title":"Biodiversity Impacts Due to Food Consumption in Europe","volume":"227","author":"Crenna","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-018-0133-x","article-title":"The Water Footprint of Different Diets within European Sub-National Geographical Entities","volume":"1","author":"Vanham","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chai, B.C., van der Voort, J.R., Grofelnik, K., Eliasdottir, H.G., Kl\u00f6ss, I., and Perez-Cueto, F.J.A. (2019). Which Diet Has the Least Environmental Impact on Our Planet? A Systematic Review of Vegan, Vegetarian and Omnivorous Diets. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11154110"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141307","article-title":"Sustainable Food Transition in Portugal: Assessing the Footprint of Dietary Choices and Gaps in National and Local Food Policies","volume":"749","author":"Galli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2019.102442","article-title":"Assessing the Ecological Footprint and Biocapacity of Portuguese Cities: Critical Results for Environmental Awareness and Local Management","volume":"96","author":"Galli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2023, January 23). Global Footprint Network Open Data Platform. Available online: https:\/\/data.footprintnetwork.org\/#\/."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"60","article-title":"Health and Sustainability Outcomes of Vegetarian Dietary Patterns: A Revisit of the EPIC-Oxford and the Adventist Health Study-2 Cohorts","volume":"72","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.3945\/an.116.012567","article-title":"Alignment of Healthy Dietary Patterns and Environmental Sustainability: A Systematic Review","volume":"7","author":"Nelson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, C., Chaudhary, A., and Mathys, A. (2019). Dietary Change Scenarios and Implications for Environmental, Nutrition, Human Health and Economic Dimensions of Food Sustainability. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11040856"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Springmann, M. (2019). Can Diets Be Both Healthy and Sustainable? Solving the Dilemma between Healthy Diets versus Sustainable Diets, Elsevier Inc.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-811660-9.00013-8"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2016.09.025","article-title":"Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Vegetarian Diets","volume":"116","author":"Melina","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2017.1392288","article-title":"Food Groups and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease, Stroke and Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies","volume":"59","author":"Bechthold","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18T","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(98)00718-8","article-title":"Diet, Lifestyle, and the Etiology of Coronary Artery Disease: The Cornell China Study","volume":"82","author":"Campbell","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"EHN (2017). Transforming European Food and Drink Policies for Cardiovascular Health, European Heart Network (EHN)."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(15)00444-1","article-title":"Carcinogenicity of Consumption of Red and Processed Meat","volume":"16","author":"Bouvard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1159\/000337301","article-title":"Cardiovascular Disease Mortality and Cancer Incidence in Vegetarians: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review","volume":"60","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2011.2287","article-title":"Red Meat Consumption and Mortality: Results from 2 Prospective Cohort Studies","volume":"172","author":"Pan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.0947","article-title":"Association between Dietary Factors and Mortality from Heart Disease, Stroke, and Type 2 Diabetes in the United States","volume":"317","author":"Micha","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-012-0282-8","article-title":"Unprocessed Red and Processed Meats and Risk of Coronary Artery Disease and Type 2 Diabetes\u2014An Updated Review of the Evidence","volume":"14","author":"Micha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Atheroscler. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.05.023","article-title":"Estimation of the Burden of Disease Attributable to Red Meat Consumption in France: Influence on Colorectal Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases","volume":"130","author":"Guillou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12543","article-title":"Potential Health Hazards of Eating Red Meat","volume":"281","author":"Wolk","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz064","article-title":"Diet and Colorectal Cancer in UK Biobank: A Prospective Study","volume":"49","author":"Bradbury","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31788-4","article-title":"Food in the Anthropocene: The EAT\u2013Lancet Commission on Healthy Diets from Sustainable Food Systems","volume":"393","author":"Willett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61256-2","article-title":"Food, Livestock Production, Energy, Climate Change, and Health","volume":"370","author":"McMichael","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2018.07.008","article-title":"The next Protein Transition","volume":"105","author":"Aiking","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, G., Ameer, K., Kim, H., Lee, E.J., Ramachandraiah, K., and Hong, G.P. (2020). Strategies for Sustainable Substitution of Livestock Meat. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9091227"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Temme, E.H.M., Vellinga, R.E., de Ruiter, H., Kugelberg, S., van de Kamp, M., Milford, A., Alessandrini, R., Bartolini, F., Sanz-Cobena, A., and Leip, A. (2020). Demand-Side Food Policies for Public and Planetary Health. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12155924"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2020.101950","article-title":"Eating to Save the Planet: Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial Using Individual-Level Food Purchase Data","volume":"95","author":"Jalil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2020.101847","article-title":"Viewpoint: Regulating Meat Consumption to Improve Health, the Environment and Animal Welfare","volume":"97","author":"Bonnet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2014.02.002","article-title":"\u201cMeatless Days\u201d or \u201cLess but Better\u201d? Exploring Strategies to Adapt Western Meat Consumption to Health and Sustainability Challenges","volume":"76","author":"Aiking","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.10.191","article-title":"Mediterranean Countries\u2019 Food Consumption and Sourcing Patterns:An Ecological Footprint Viewpoint","volume":"578","author":"Galli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.06.005","article-title":"Drivers of Meat Consumption","volume":"141","author":"Milford","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clrc.2021.100025","article-title":"Drivers of a New Dietary Transition towards a Sustainable and Healthy Future","volume":"3","author":"Pais","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clean. Responsible Consum."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2021.102473","article-title":"Determinants of Online Food Purchasing: The Impact of Socio-Demographic and Situational Factors","volume":"60","author":"Dominici","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Retail. Consum. Serv."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3715","DOI":"10.1080\/00036846.2021.1885611","article-title":"Effect of Region of Origin on Willingness to Pay for Wine: An Experimental Auction","volume":"53","author":"Ferreira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Econ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2020.101973","article-title":"Consumer Ethnocentric Behavior and Food Choices in Developing Countries: The Case of Nigeria","volume":"99","author":"Kilders","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2020.101979","article-title":"Heterogeneous Informational and Attitudinal Impacts on Consumer Preferences for Eggs from Welfare Enhanced Cage Systems","volume":"99","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2021.102066","article-title":"Determinants and Dynamics of Food Insecurity during COVID-19 in Rural Bangladesh","volume":"101","author":"Ahmed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8234","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-020-00961-1","article-title":"Environmental Impact of Express Food Delivery in China: The Role of Personal Consumption Choice","volume":"23","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Dev. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3939","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-020-00740-y","article-title":"COVID-19 Virus Outbreak Lockdown: What Impacts on Household Food Wastage?","volume":"22","author":"Jribi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Dev. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2021.102097","article-title":"Is Food Labelling Effective in Reducing Climate Impact by Encouraging the Substitution of Protein Sources?","volume":"101","author":"Edenbrandt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodqual.2021.104257","article-title":"Reducing Meat Consumption in Meat-Loving Denmark: Exploring Willingness, Behavior, Barriers and Drivers","volume":"93","author":"Hielkema","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Qual. Prefer."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2016.06.004","article-title":"Fear of Climate Change Consequences and Predictors of Intentions to Alter Meat Consumption","volume":"62","author":"Hunter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.07.046","article-title":"Reducing Meat Consumption and Following Plant-Based Diets: Current Evidence and Future Directions to Inform Integrated Transitions","volume":"91","author":"Godinho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3698","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1870434","article-title":"Social and Cultural Influences on Food Choices: A Review","volume":"62","author":"Enriquez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1093\/ajae\/aaw110","article-title":"Consumer Research with Big Data: Applications from the Food Demand Survey (Foods)","volume":"99","author":"Lusk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Agric. Econ."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tonsor, G.T., Lusk, J.L., and Tonsor, S.L. (2021). Meat Demand Monitor during Covid-19. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11041040"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodqual.2018.05.005","article-title":"The Development of a Single-Item Food Choice Questionnaire","volume":"71","author":"Onwezen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Qual. Prefer."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.04.027","article-title":"Consumption Orientations May Support (or Hinder) Transitions to More Plant-Based Diets","volume":"140","author":"Truninger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2020.101846","article-title":"Assessing Consumer Willingness to Pay for Arctic Food Products","volume":"92","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2425","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-018-0141-z","article-title":"Consumers\u2019 Willingness to Pay for Green Cars: A Discrete Choice Analysis in Italy","volume":"21","author":"Costa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Dev. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.5116\/ijme.4dfb.8dfd","article-title":"Making Sense of Cronbach\u2019s Alpha","volume":"2","author":"Tavakol","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Educ."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Centro Vegetariano (2017). AC Nielsen Vegetarianos Em Portugal 2017, Centro Vegetariano."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980017004190","article-title":"Reducing Meat Consumption in the USA: A Nationally Representative Survey of Attitudes and Behaviours","volume":"21","author":"Neff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodqual.2018.03.020","article-title":"The Influence of Psychological Traits, Beliefs and Taste Responsiveness on Implicit Attitudes toward Plant- and Animal-Based Dishes among Vegetarians, Flexitarians and Omnivores","volume":"68","author":"Cliceri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Qual. Prefer."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2017.09.005","article-title":"Examining the \u201cVeggie\u201d Personality: Results from a Representative German Sample","volume":"120","author":"Pfeiler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1086\/664970","article-title":"Is Meat Male? A Quantitative Multimethod Framework to Establish Metaphoric Relationships","volume":"39","author":"Rozin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Consum. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9353.2006.00288.x","article-title":"Consumer Behavior, Public Policy, and Country-of-Origin Labeling","volume":"28","author":"Lusk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Agric. Econ."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2017.03.001","article-title":"Healthy, Sustainable and Plant-Based Eating: Perceived (Mis)Match and Involvement-Based Consumer Segments as Targets for Future Policy","volume":"69","author":"Hoefkens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Allied, M.R. (2019). Meat Substitute Market by Product Type, Source and Category: Global Opportunity Analysis and Industry Forecast, 2018-2025, Allied Analytics LLP. Available online: https:\/\/www.alliedmarketresearch.com\/press-release\/global-meat-substitute-market.html."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gfs.2021.100530","article-title":"The Shift to Plant-Based Diets: Are We Missing the Point?","volume":"29","author":"Wickramasinghe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob. Food Sec."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s10603-019-09426-z","article-title":"Evaluating USA\u2019s New Nutrition and Supplement Facts Label: Evidence from a Non-Hypothetical Choice Experiment","volume":"42","author":"Fang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Consum. Policy"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2020.101887","article-title":"Towards Better Nutrition in Europe: Evaluating Progress and Defining Future Directions","volume":"96","author":"Breda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2017.10.017","article-title":"Look at Me Saving the Planet! The Imitation of Visible Green Behavior and Its Impact on the Climate Value-Action Gap \u2606","volume":"146","author":"Babutsidze","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1007\/s10666-020-09710-0","article-title":"Reducing Meat Consumption to Mitigate Climate Change and Promote Health: But Is It Good for the Economy?","volume":"25","author":"Pais","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Assess."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2021.105564","article-title":"The Role of Food Gardening in Addressing Urban Sustainability\u2014A New Framework for Analysing Policy Approaches","volume":"108","author":"Jahrl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2020.101848","article-title":"Improving the Food Environment in Kindergartens and Schools: An Overview of Policies and Policy Opportunities in Europe","volume":"96","author":"Kovacs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e331","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(18)30174-8","article-title":"Importance of Considering Environmental Sustainability in Dietary Guidelines","volume":"2","author":"Tuomisto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Planet. Health"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2019.17","article-title":"Meat Consumers and Non-Meat Consumers in Germany: A Characterisation Based on Results of the German National Nutrition Survey II","volume":"8","author":"Koch","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirbi\u0161, A., Lamot, M., and Javornik, M. (2021). The Role of Education in Sustainable Dietary Patterns in Slovenia. Sustain., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su132313036"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1108\/BFJ-03-2016-0121","article-title":"Meat Consumption and Higher Prices","volume":"118","author":"Charlebois","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. Food J."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2016.07.005","article-title":"Some Vegetarians Spend Less Money on Food, Others Don\u2019t","volume":"130","author":"Lusk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2015.04.030","article-title":"The Rebound Effects of Switching to Vegetarianism. A Microeconomic Analysis of Swedish Consumption Behavior","volume":"116","author":"Grabs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2011.12.054","article-title":"The Relative Greenhouse Gas Impacts of Realistic Dietary Choices","volume":"43","author":"Hoolohan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s40100-022-00224-9","article-title":"The Cost of Healthier and More Sustainable Food Choices: Do Plant-Based Consumers Spend More on Food?","volume":"10","author":"Pais","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agric. Food Econ."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"1","article-title":"Social Structural Influences on Meat Consumption","volume":"10","author":"Gossard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum. Ecol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.04.002","article-title":"Reducing Meat Consumption: Identifying Group-Specific Inhibitors Using Latent Profile Analysis","volume":"138","author":"Lacroix","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2015.03.014","article-title":"Meat Traditions. The Co-Evolution of Humans and Meat","volume":"90","author":"Leroy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665116000100","article-title":"Socioeconomic and Demographic Drivers of Red and Processed Meat Consumption: Implications for Health and Environmental Sustainability","volume":"75","author":"Clonan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/15\/4\/3868\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:37:40Z","timestamp":1760121460000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/15\/4\/3868"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["su15043868"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su15043868","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2071-1050"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]]}}}