{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T14:16:15Z","timestamp":1772720175272,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Minister of Science and Higher Education","award":["018\/RID\/2018\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["018\/RID\/2018\/19"]}]},{"name":"Minister of Science and Higher Education","award":["UIDB\/00685\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00685\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese national funds","award":["018\/RID\/2018\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["018\/RID\/2018\/19"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese national funds","award":["UIDB\/00685\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00685\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Energy has never been used in the same way or to the extent that it is today. The CO2 level in the atmosphere surpassed the previous record established in 1958 in May 2019 when it hit 415.26 ppm, and the climate system has reached a tipping point. New corporate initiatives are required to create more sustainable eco-market opportunities and enhance stewardship in order to make the transition to net zero carbon emissions. This research investigates the asymmetric and symmetric impact of energy efficiency on environmental quality in Portugal from 1990Q1 to 2020Q4, while accounting for the role of total energy consumption (TEC), trade openness (TRA), and economic growth (GDP) in driving environmental quality in the era of industry 4.0. Portugal has emerged as a crucial player, experiencing rapid economic and financial growth, and attracting an unprecedented inflow of foreign trade. While country growth is appreciable in the monetary sense, this research employs the nonlinear autoregressive distributive lag (NARDL) technique and econometric robustness tests to examine the consequence of CO2 emissions in Portugal. The results verify the asymmetric (different magnitude) impacts across the modeled variables; specifically, a 1% volatility to energy productivity (EP) reduces environmental degradation in Portugal by 3.247606%, while a 1% volatility to GDP, TRA, and TEC increase environmental degradation in Portugal by 0.29119%, 0.717775%, and 0.034088% over the long-term. Energy productivity sources are a great way to help Portugal keep its energy independence and reduce environmental erosion simultaneously. Switching from nonrenewable energy to investing in low-carbon technology is a crucial strategy for decarbonization and the best practical course of policy action for reducing climate change in Portugal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su15054096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]],"date-time":"2023-02-24T02:32:12Z","timestamp":1677205932000},"page":"4096","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The Asymmetric and Symmetric Effect of Energy Productivity on Environmental Quality in the Era of Industry 4.0: Empirical Evidence from Portugal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"James Karmoh","family":"Sowah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences, European University of Lefke, Lefke 99728, Northern Cyprus, Turkey"}]},{"given":"Sema Yilmaz","family":"Genc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul 34349, Turkey"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1882-4801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui Alexandre","family":"Castanho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Applied Sciences, WSB University, 41-300 D\u0105browa G\u00f3rnicza, Poland"},{"name":"College of Business and Economics, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5560-5101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gualter","family":"Couto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Business and Economics and CEEAplA, University of Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Mehmet","family":"Altuntas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics, Administrative and Social Sciences, Nisantasi University, Istanbul 34000, Turkey"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5733-5045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dervis","family":"Kirikkaleli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Banking and Finance, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, European University of Lefke, Lefke 99728, Northern Cyprus, Turkey"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2593","DOI":"10.1002\/pa.2593","article-title":"Modeling financial liberalization and economic growth in Liberia: A dynamic analysis","volume":"22","author":"Kirikkaleli","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Public Aff."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.135778","article-title":"Unleashing the dynamic impact of tourism industry on energy consumption, economic output, and environmental quality in China: A way forward towards environmental sustainability","volume":"387","author":"Irfan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2013.04.009","article-title":"Economic growth, energy consumption, financial development, international trade and CO2 emissions in Indonesia","volume":"25","author":"Shahbaz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160181","article-title":"Endorsing sustainable development in BRICS: The role of technological innovation, renewable energy consumption, and natural resources in limiting carbon emission","volume":"859","author":"Ullah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gr.2022.11.012","article-title":"The dynamic impact of energy productivity and economic growth on environmental sustainability in South European countries","volume":"115","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gondwana Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.125303","article-title":"The roles of hydro, nuclear and biomass energy towards carbon neutrality target in China: A policy-based analysis","volume":"262","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gsf.2022.101531","article-title":"Enhancing environmental quality in the United States by linking biomass energy consumption and load capacity factor","volume":"14","author":"Pata","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geosci. Front."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2023.136127","article-title":"The potency of resource efficiency and environmental technologies in carbon neutrality target for Finland","volume":"389","author":"Alola","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Agyekum, E.B., Bekun, F.V., Rjoub, H., Agboola, M.O., and Gyamfi, B.A. (2022). Another look at the nexus between economic growth trajectory and emission within the context of developing country: Fresh insights from a nonparametric causality-in-quantiles test. Environ. Dev. Sustain., 1\u201323."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gr.2021.10.026","article-title":"Linking energy transitions, energy consumption, and environmental sustainability in OECD countries","volume":"103","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gondwana Res."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Rui, C.A., and Jos\u00e9, M. (2021). Management and Conservation of Mediterranean Environments, IGI Global."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23887","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-17708-8","article-title":"Wavelet analysis of impact of renewable energy consumption and technological innovation on CO2 emissions: Evidence from Portugal","volume":"29","author":"Adeshola","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2020.101714","article-title":"Resources or development first: An interesting question for a developing country","volume":"68","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Resour. Policy"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.135285","article-title":"The asymmetric and long run effect of energy productivity on quality of environment in Finland","volume":"383","author":"Kirikkaleli","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2016.06.076","article-title":"Exploring the characteristics of production-based and consumption-based carbon emissions of major economies: A multiple-dimension comparison","volume":"184","author":"Fan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1162\/003465303772815961","article-title":"Minimum Lagrange Multiplier Unit Root Test with Two Structural Breaks","volume":"85","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev. Econ. Stat."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"K\u0131r\u0131kkaleli, J.K.S., and Gen\u00e7, D.S.Y. (2021). Management and Conservation of Mediterranean Environments, IGI Global. Available online: https:\/\/www.igi-global.com\/chapter\/understanding-the-concept-and-limitations-of-circular-and-green-economy-in-the-mediterranean-region\/www.igi-global.com\/chapter\/understanding-the-concept-and-limitations-of-circular-and-green-economy-in-the-mediterranean-region\/271944."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spc.2021.02.020","article-title":"Consumption-based carbon emissions in Mexico: An analysis using the dual adjustment approach","volume":"27","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Prod. Consum."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30139","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-12692-5","article-title":"Do public-private partnerships in energy and renewable energy consumption matter for consumption-based carbon dioxide emissions in India?","volume":"28","author":"Kirikkaleli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2020.104664","article-title":"Public-private partnerships investment in energy as new determinant of CO2 emissions: The role of technological innovations in China","volume":"86","author":"Shahbaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Econ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.118405","article-title":"Heterogeneous effect of eco-innovation and human capital on renewable & nonrenewable energy consumption: Disaggregate analysis for G-7 countries","volume":"209","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2603","DOI":"10.1002\/pa.2603","article-title":"Role of fiscal policy in energy efficiency and CO2 emission nexus: An investigation of belt and road region","volume":"22","author":"Akbar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Public Aff."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2017.03.008","article-title":"Energy efficiency and economic growth: A retrospective CGE analysis for Canada from 2002 to 2012","volume":"64","author":"Bataille","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Econ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1002\/bse.2901","article-title":"The role of information and communication technology on green total factor energy efficiency: Does environmental regulation work?","volume":"31","author":"Hao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bus. Strategy Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2017.11.007","article-title":"Does energy efficiency promote economic growth? Evidence from a multicountry and multisectoral panel dataset","volume":"69","author":"Rajbhandari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Econ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2016.12.003","article-title":"Bean, Determinants of energy productivity in 39 countries: An empirical investigation","volume":"62","author":"Atalla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Econ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2021.123004","article-title":"Impact of economic growth and labor productivity dispersion on energy intensity in China","volume":"242","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eiar.2022.106831","article-title":"Assessing the role of environmental regulations in improving energy efficiency and reducing CO2 emissions: Evidence from the logistics industry","volume":"96","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Impact Assess. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.125143","article-title":"Innovation, trade openness and CO2 emissions in selected countries in Africa","volume":"281","author":"Dauda","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibrahim, R.L., Awosusi, A.A., Ajide, K.B., Adewuyi, A.O., and Bolarinwa, F.O. (2022). Investigating the asymmetric effects of renewable energy-carbon neutrality nexus: Can technological innovation, trade openness, and transport services deliver the target for Germany?. Energy Environ., 0958305X221127020.","DOI":"10.1177\/0958305X221127020"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.118537","article-title":"Renewable, nonrenewable energy consumption, economic growth, trade openness and ecological footprint: Evidence from organisation for economic Co-operation and development countries","volume":"242","author":"Destek","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"100","article-title":"Energy intensity among European Union countries: The role of renewable energy, income and trade","volume":"6","author":"Gyamfi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Energy Sect. Manag."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2022.02.111","article-title":"CO2 behavior amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom: The role of renewable and nonrenewable energy development","volume":"189","author":"AbdulKareem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.113463","article-title":"Role of political risk to achieve carbon neutrality: Evidence from Brazil","volume":"298","author":"Su","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirikkaleli, D., and Adebayo, T.S. (2023). Political risk and environmental quality in Brazil: Role of green finance and green innovation. Int. J. Financ. Econ.","DOI":"10.1002\/ijfe.2732"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"12","article-title":"Tradeoff between environmental sustainability and economic growth through coal consumption and natural resources exploitation in China: New policy insights from wavelet local multiple correlation","volume":"4","author":"Adebayo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Geol. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnucene.2022.104509","article-title":"Do nuclear energy and renewable energy surge environmental quality in the United States? New insights from novel bootstraFourier Granger causality in quantiles approach","volume":"155","author":"Kartal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prog. Nucl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.124863","article-title":"The imperativeness of environmental quality in the United States transportation sector amidst biomass-fossil energy consumption and growth","volume":"285","author":"MUmar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47942","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-13992-6","article-title":"Economic performance of Indonesia amidst CO2 emissions and agriculture: A time series analysis","volume":"28","author":"Umarbeyli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Env. Sci Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Musah, M., Boateng, F., Kumah, E.A., and Adebayo, T.S. (2022). Financial flows and environmental quality in ECOWAS member states: Accounting for residual cross-sectional dependence and slope heterogeneity. Environ. Dev. Sustain.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-022-02755-z"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2023.01.071","article-title":"What\u2019s at Stake? The empirical importance of government revenue and debt and renewable energy for environmental neutrality in the US economy","volume":"205","author":"Ramzan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13504509.2022.2150707","article-title":"Do the asymmetric effects of technological innovation amidst renewable and nonrenewable energy make or mar carbon neutrality targets?","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Dev. World Ecol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.116884","article-title":"Role of country risks and renewable energy consumption on environmental quality: Evidence from MINT countries","volume":"327","author":"Adebayo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"19","article-title":"A comparison of CO2 emissions, load capacity factor, and ecological footprint for Thailand\u2019s environmental sustainability","volume":"8","author":"Pata","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Dev. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2022.01.022","article-title":"The dynamic impact of biomass and natural resources on ecological footprint in BRICS economies: A quantile regression evidence","volume":"8","author":"Awosusi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1080\/13504509.2022.2059032","article-title":"Role of technological innovation and globalization in BRICS economies: Policy towards environmental sustainability","volume":"29","author":"Awosusi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Dev. World Ecol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29927","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-18495-6","article-title":"Consumption-based carbon emissions, trade, and globalization: An empirical study of Bolivia","volume":"29","author":"Kirikkaleli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Env. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33722","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-08880-4","article-title":"The impact of age structure on carbon emission in the Middle East: The panel autoregressive distributed lag approach","volume":"28","author":"Tarazkar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2022.112829","article-title":"Are abundant energy resources and Chinese business a solution to environmental prosperity in Africa?","volume":"163","author":"Zakari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2022.101961","article-title":"Financial inclusion and the environmental deterioration in Eurozone: The moderating role of innovation activity","volume":"69","author":"Fareed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Technol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sickles, R.C., and Horrace, W.C. (2014). Festschrift in Honor of Peter Schmidt: Econometric Methods and Applications, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-8008-3"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.2307\/2297545","article-title":"Statistical Inference in Instrumental Variables Regression with I(1) Processes","volume":"57","author":"Phillips","year":"1990","journal-title":"Rev. Econ. Stud."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1198\/073500102753410372","article-title":"Further Evidence on the Great Crash, the Oil-Price Shock, and the Unit-Root Hypothesis","volume":"20","author":"Zivot","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Bus. Econ. Stat."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1080\/07474939608800353","article-title":"A test for independence based on the correlation dimension","volume":"15","author":"Broock","year":"1996","journal-title":"Econom. Rev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1002\/jae.616","article-title":"Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships","volume":"16","author":"Pesaran","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Appl. Econom."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpolmod.2017.01.003","article-title":"Asymmetric unemployment-output tradeoff in the Eurozone","volume":"39","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Policy Model."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.2307\/2951763","article-title":"A Simple Estimator of Cointegrating Vectors in Higher Order Integrated Systems","volume":"61","author":"Stock","year":"1993","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1002\/bse.2945","article-title":"Consumption-based carbon emissions, renewable energy consumption, financial development and economic growth in Chile","volume":"31","author":"Kirikkaleli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bus. Strategy Environ."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38395","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-18622-3","article-title":"Exploring the linkage between export diversification and ecological footprint: Evidence from advanced time series estimation techniques","volume":"29","author":"Ali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Asuzu, O.C., Oji-Okoro, I., Akadiri, S.S., and Onuogu, I.C. (2022). Testing the role of economic complexity on the ecological footprint in China: A nonparametric causality-in-quantiles approach. Energy Environ., 1\u201327."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1080\/13504509.2022.2087115","article-title":"Impact of renewable and fossil fuel energy consumption on environmental degradation: Evidence from USA by nonlinear approaches","volume":"29","author":"Kartal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Dev. World Ecol."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"A\u011fa, M., Agyekum, E.B., Kamel, S., and El-Naggar, M.F. (2022). Do renewable energy consumption and financial development contribute to environmental quality in MINT nations? Implications for sustainable development. Front. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ullah, S., Luo, R., and Kartal, M.T. (2023). Dynamics between environmental taxes and ecological sustainability: Evidence from top-seven green economies by novel quantile approaches. Sustain. Dev.","DOI":"10.1002\/sd.2423"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1002\/sd.2399","article-title":"Do green innovation and financial globalization contribute to the ecological sustainability and energy transition in the United Kingdom? Policy insights from a bootstrap rolling window approach","volume":"31","author":"Ramzan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1002\/sd.2159","article-title":"Do renewable energy consumption and financial development matter for environmental sustainability? New global evidence","volume":"29","author":"Kirikkaleli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1975.tb01532.x","article-title":"Techniques for Testing the Constancy of Regression Relationships Over Time","volume":"37","author":"Brown","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16057","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-021-01322-2","article-title":"Impact of renewable energy consumption, globalization, and technological innovation on environmental degradation in Japan: Application of wavelet tools","volume":"23","author":"Adebayo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Dev. Sustain."}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/15\/5\/4096\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:40:59Z","timestamp":1760121659000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/15\/5\/4096"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["su15054096"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su15054096","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2071-1050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]]}}}