{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T16:33:32Z","timestamp":1778690012884,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]],"date-time":"2023-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Green spaces have become the most threatened by urban growth, and the decline in these areas is a main cause of environmental and social problems with implications for human health and well-being. Vertical greenery systems have been proposed as a solution to restore the connection between the city and nature, particularly in compact and dense cities, where horizontal space is limited. This paper provides a literature review to examine the influence of outdoor and indoor vertical greenery systems on human health and well-being. The Web of Science and Scopus databases were chosen to survey peer-reviewed documents published until October 2022. A total of 73 documents were selected by the search. Over 71% of the documents were published over the last four years, and most of them focused on the environmental and thermal benefits of vertical greenery systems. Although these benefits could bring health and well-being outcomes, they were not objectively measured and quantified. Other additional gaps and guidelines for future research were also identified and discussed. This review could be helpful for researchers and urban planners in developing vertical greenery to create healthy and more sustainable cities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su15054107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]],"date-time":"2023-02-24T02:32:12Z","timestamp":1677205932000},"page":"4107","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Health and Well-Being Benefits of Outdoor and Indoor Vertical Greening Systems: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2336-175X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CTAC (Centre for Territory, Environment and Construction), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Paschoalino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CTAC (Centre for Territory, Environment and Construction), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0199-8664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00edgia","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CTAC (Centre for Territory, Environment and Construction), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2022.127804","article-title":"Urban park use and self-reported physical, mental, and social health during the COVID-19 pandemic: An on-site survey in Beijing, China","volume":"79","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2017.05.014","article-title":"Air pollution abatement performances of green infrastructure in open road and built-up street canyon environments: A review","volume":"162","author":"Abhijith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-1704-2_1","article-title":"Evaluating the potential of vegetation to capture pollutants in urban environment","volume":"2","author":"Martins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2016.08.801","article-title":"The influence of urban form on environmental quality within a medium-sized city","volume":"161","author":"Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2014.09.010","article-title":"Evaluation of green walls as a passive acoustic insulation system for buildings","volume":"89","author":"Azkorra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1080\/09640568.2017.1319804","article-title":"Assessing the influence of urban geometry on noise propagation by using the sky view factor","volume":"61","author":"Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Plan. Manag."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2020.126843","article-title":"Urban heat stress mitigation potential of green walls: A review","volume":"55","author":"Koch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2017.02.010","article-title":"Including public-health benefits of trees in urban-forestry decision making","volume":"22","author":"Donovan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2014.04.004","article-title":"Urban green areas and their potential for social interaction\u2014A case study of a socio-economically mixed neighbourhood in Santiago de Chile","volume":"44","author":"Krellenberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2021.127236","article-title":"Effectiveness of urban green space on undergraduates\u2019 stress relief in tropical city: A field experiment in Kuala Lumpur","volume":"63","author":"Aziz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2018.01.028","article-title":"Connection between urban green areas and visitors\u2019 physical and mental well-being","volume":"40","author":"Vujcic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.114089","article-title":"COVID-19 epidemic spread and green areas Italy and Spain between 2020 and 2021: An observational multi-country retrospective study","volume":"216","author":"Falco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2022.127739","article-title":"Citizens\u2019 use of public urban green spaces at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy","volume":"77","author":"Becagli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forpol.2020.102253","article-title":"COVID-19-induced visitor boom reveals the importance of forests as critical infrastructure","volume":"118","author":"Derks","year":"2020","journal-title":"For. Policy Econ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2019.126440","article-title":"SAUS: A tool for preserving urban green areas from air pollution","volume":"46","author":"Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2018.09.045","article-title":"Vertical greenery systems: A systematic review of research trends","volume":"146","author":"Bustami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/10630732.2019.1637694","article-title":"Physical and non-physical benefits of vertical greenery systems: A review","volume":"26","author":"Ghazalli","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Urban Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2022.127632","article-title":"Assessing the potential for strategic green roof implementation for green infrastructure: Insights from Sumida ward, Tokyo","volume":"74","author":"Aleksejeva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2022.112414","article-title":"Is the sustainability potential of vertical greening systems deeply rooted? Establishing uniform outlines for environmental impact assessment of VGS","volume":"162","author":"Rowe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbenv.2021.11.003","article-title":"Global technological advancement and challenges of glazed window, facade system and vertical greenery-based energy savings in buildings: A comprehensive review","volume":"4","author":"Akram","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Built Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102608","article-title":"Trends and gaps in global research of greenery systems through a bibliometric analysis","volume":"65","author":"Cabeza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2019.126446","article-title":"Green fa\u00e7ades: Their contribution to stress recovery and well-being in high-density cities","volume":"46","author":"Elsadek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shao, Y., Li, J., Zhou, Z., Zhang, F., and Cui, Y. (2021). The impact of indoor living wall system on air quality: A comparative monitoring test in building corridors. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13147884"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1080\/15568318.2021.1914793","article-title":"Built environment attributes and their influence on walkability","volume":"16","author":"Fonseca","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Transp."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2021.111166","article-title":"A systematic mapping study addressing the reliability of mobile applications: The need to move beyond testing reliability","volume":"186","author":"Wimalasooriya","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Syst. Softw."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2014.10.018","article-title":"Planning for cooler cities: A framework to prioritise green infrastructure to mitigate high temperatures in urban landscapes","volume":"134","author":"Norton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s11252-008-0054-y","article-title":"Estimates of air pollution mitigation with green plants and green roofs using the UFORE model","volume":"11","author":"Currie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Urban Ecosyst."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2009.02.007","article-title":"Quantifying the deposition of particulate matter on climber vegetation on living walls","volume":"36","author":"Fraaij","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2011.09.010","article-title":"Comparative life cycle analysis for green fa\u00e7ades and living wall systems","volume":"43","author":"Perini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1080\/00038628.2018.1485548","article-title":"A bibliometric review of green building research 2000\u20132016","volume":"62","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Archit. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2022.108811","article-title":"Evaluation of the critical parameters on the removal efficiency of a botanical biofilter system","volume":"212","author":"Abedi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, V., and Gough, W. (2021). Harnessing the four horsemen of climate change: A framework for deep resilience, decarbonization, and planetary health in Ontario, Canada. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13010379"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2020.09.006","article-title":"Efficiency of green roofs and green walls as climate change mitigation measures in extremely hot and dry climate: Case study of Qatar","volume":"6","author":"Andric","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2016.07.006","article-title":"Performances and limitations of electronic gas sensors to investigate an indoor air quality event","volume":"107","author":"Caron","year":"2016","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2022.109007","article-title":"Study of Living Wall Systems\u2019(LWSs) Support system for improving LWSs Life cycle performance and noise reduction potential","volume":"216","author":"Chang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2019.10.006","article-title":"Convective heat transfer in green fa\u00e7ade system","volume":"188","author":"Convertino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2017.01.010","article-title":"More than just a green facade: The sound absorption properties of a vertical garden with and without plants","volume":"116","author":"Davis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dibe.2021.100043","article-title":"Rice husk and thermal comfort: Design and evaluation of indoor modular green walls","volume":"6","author":"Treves","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev. Built Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.119443","article-title":"Small-scale experiments of seasonal heat stress attenuation through a combination of green roof and green walls","volume":"250","author":"Feitosa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2022.106810","article-title":"A year-assessment of the suitability of a green fa\u00e7ade to improve thermal performance of an affordable housing","volume":"185","author":"Fensterseifer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110576","article-title":"Energy efficiency, thermal resilience, and health during extreme heat events in low-income housing in Argentina","volume":"231","author":"Flores","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2018.04.015","article-title":"Alterations in use of space, air quality, temperature and humidity by the presence of vertical greenery system in a building corridor","volume":"32","author":"Ghazalli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2022.109560","article-title":"Green walls in schools: The potential well-being benefits","volume":"224","author":"Gunn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, G., Wen, Y., Leng, J., and Sun, L. (2021). Improving comfort and health: Green retrofit designs for sunken courtyards during the summer period in a subtropical climate. Buildings, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings11090413"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1080\/15226514.2019.1652565","article-title":"Reduction of traffic-related particulate matter by roadside plants: Effect of traffic pressure and sampling height","volume":"22","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Phytoremed."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.2013.990.61","article-title":"Contribution of green roofs and green walls to ecosystem services of urban green","volume":"990","author":"Hop","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Hortic."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68564","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-20625-z","article-title":"Assessment of plant species suitability in green walls based on API, heavy metal accumulation, and particulate matter capture capacity","volume":"29","author":"Hozhabralsadat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12851","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-04719-9","article-title":"Does plant species selection in functional active green walls influence VOC phytoremediation efficiency?","volume":"26","author":"Irga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.111230","article-title":"Investigating the plant and air-quality performances of an internal green wall system under hydroponic conditions","volume":"275","author":"Kazemi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"8","article-title":"The role of greenery in healthcare facilities for children","volume":"N9","author":"Kyrkou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustain. Mediterr. Constr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2022.109645","article-title":"Physiological and psychological effects of exposure to different types and numbers of biophilic vegetable walls in small spaces","volume":"225","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liberalesso, T., J\u00fanior, R., Cruz, C., Matos, C., and Manso, M. (2020). Users\u2019 perceptions of green roofs and green walls: An analysis of youth hostels in Lisbon, Portugal. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su122310136"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2020.11.180","article-title":"Life cycle embodied energy analysis of indoor active living wall system","volume":"6","author":"Mannan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00619","article-title":"Implementing green walls in schools","volume":"9","author":"McCullough","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"10321","article-title":"Understanding the performance of vertical gardens by using building simulation and its influences on urban landscape","volume":"16","author":"Moghaddam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Archit. City Environ."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.133942","article-title":"The botanical biofiltration of volatile organic compounds and particulate matter derived from cigarette smoke","volume":"295","author":"Morgan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"219","article-title":"The development of an ESEM based counting method for fine dust particles and a philosophy behind the background of particle adsorption on leaves","volume":"147","author":"Ursem","year":"2011","journal-title":"WIT Trans. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.119313","article-title":"Double skin fa\u00e7ade with Azolla; ventilation, indoor air quality and thermal performance assessment","volume":"249","author":"Parhizkar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.05.004","article-title":"Active green wall plant health tolerance to diesel smoke exposure","volume":"240","author":"Paull","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2021.127201","article-title":"Green wall plant tolerance to ambient urban air pollution","volume":"63","author":"Paull","year":"2021","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2017.09.004","article-title":"Do the plants in functional green walls contribute to their ability to filter particulate matter?","volume":"125","author":"Pettit","year":"2017","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-018-0628-7","article-title":"The in situ pilot-scale phytoremediation of airborne VOCs and particulate matter with an active green wall","volume":"12","author":"Pettit","year":"2019","journal-title":"Air Qual. Atmos. Health"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pettit, T., Irga, P., Surawski, N., and Torpy, F. (2019). An assessment of the suitability of active green walls for NO2 reduction in green buildings using a closed-loop flow reactor. Atmosphere, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos10120801"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hazl.2020.100003","article-title":"The botanical biofiltration of elevated air pollution concentrations associated the Black Summer wildfire natural disaster","volume":"1","author":"Pettit","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.125566","article-title":"Effective reduction of roadside air pollution with botanical biofiltration","volume":"414","author":"Pettit","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pichlh\u00f6fer, A., Sesto, E., Hollands, J., and Korjenic, A. (2021). Health-related benefits of different indoor plant species in a school setting. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13179566"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santiago, J., Rivas, E., Sanchez, B., Buccolieri, R., Esposito, A., Martilli, A., Vivanco, M., and Martin, F. (2022). Impact of different combinations of green infrastructure elements on traffic-related pollutant concentrations in urban areas. Forests, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/f13081195"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2021.103890","article-title":"Experimental evaluations of acoustic properties and long-term analysis of a novel indoor living wall","volume":"47","author":"Scamoni","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.18280\/ijdne.150105","article-title":"Urban regreeneration: Green urban infrastructure as a response to climate change mitigation and adaptation","volume":"15","author":"Senosiain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Des. Nat. Ecodyn."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1080\/0013791X.2018.1470272","article-title":"The socioeconomic feasibility of greening rail stations: A case study in Lisbon","volume":"64","author":"Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eng. Econ."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.123306","article-title":"The effect of small green walls on reduction of particulate matter concentration in open areas","volume":"279","author":"Srbinovska","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2020.11.009","article-title":"Volatile organic compounds removal by means of a felt-based living wall to improve indoor air quality","volume":"12","author":"Urrestarazu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su\u00e1rez-C\u00e1ceres, G., and Urrestarazu, L. (2021). Removal of volatile organic compounds by means of a felt-based living wall using different plant species. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13116393"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1080\/13549839.2021.1973393","article-title":"Vertical gardening and Syrian women refugees in Lebanon: An exploratory study on motivation for gardening and depression relief","volume":"26","author":"Talhouk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Local Environ."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.21833\/ijaas.2020.03.004","article-title":"Evaluation of perception with regards to green wall systems application in Nicosia, N","volume":"7","author":"Tarboush","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cyprus. Int. J. Adv. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804118","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2022.804118","article-title":"Exploring the integration between colour theory and biodiversity values in the design of living walls","volume":"10","author":"Thorpert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2021.101070","article-title":"Removal of particulate air pollutants by Australian vegetation potentially used for green barriers","volume":"12","author":"Tomson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"225","article-title":"Greening, an urbanization coping mechanism","volume":"19","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Chapingo Serie Cienc. For. Ambiente"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"792","article-title":"Sustainable green walls in architecture","volume":"10","author":"Urrestarazu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Food Agric. Environ."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2017.04.002","article-title":"Media and social impact valuation of a living wall: The case study of the Sagrado Corazon hospital in Seville (Spain)","volume":"24","author":"Urrestarazu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2020.126919","article-title":"Particularities of having plants at home during the confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"59","author":"Urrestarazu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1177\/0013916516667976","article-title":"Green walls for a restorative classroom environment: A controlled evaluation study","volume":"49","author":"Wesselius","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2020.106675","article-title":"Greening the classroom: Three field experiments on the effects of indoor nature on students\u2019 attention, well-being, and perceived environmental quality","volume":"171","author":"Dijkstra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2012.12.001","article-title":"The potential of building envelope greening to achieve quietness","volume":"61","author":"Hornikx","year":"2013","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2021.127229","article-title":"Effects of biodiversity in green roofs and walls on the capture of fine particulate matter","volume":"63","author":"Vera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108134","article-title":"Psychological and physiological effects of a green wall on occupants: A cross-over study in virtual reality","volume":"204","author":"Yeom","year":"2021","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12936","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12936","article-title":"Emotional impact, task performance and task load of green walls exposure in a virtual environment","volume":"32","author":"Yeom","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2284","DOI":"10.28991\/cej-03091158","article-title":"Effectiveness of green roofs and green walls on energy consumption and indoor comfort in arid climates","volume":"4","author":"Wahba","year":"2018","journal-title":"Civ. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.04.106","article-title":"Quantification of the traffic-generated particulate matter capture by plant species in a living wall and evaluation of the important leaf characteristics","volume":"635","author":"Weerakkody","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.12.292","article-title":"Topographical structures in planting design of living walls affect their ability to immobilise traffic-based particulate matter","volume":"660","author":"Weerakkody","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2020.126700","article-title":"Public perception and preferences of small urban green infrastructures: A case study in Guangzhou, China","volume":"53","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.125599","article-title":"Assessment of urban surface and canopy cooling strategies in high-rise residential communities","volume":"288","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2018.01.008","article-title":"Ecosystem services management: An evaluation of green adaptations for urban development in Dhaka, Bangladesh","volume":"173","author":"Zinia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.2298\/TSCI170531225D","article-title":"The impact of the building envelope with the green living systems on the built environment","volume":"22","year":"2018","journal-title":"Therm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2016.12.002","article-title":"Studying the potential of energy saving through vertical greenery systems: Using EnergyPlus simulation program","volume":"138","author":"Dahanayake","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-022-01625-8","article-title":"Public perceptions of green roofs and green walls in Tokyo, Japan: A call to heighten awareness","volume":"70","author":"Jim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Manag."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2013.08.012","article-title":"Cost\u2013benefit analysis for green fa\u00e7ades and living wall systems","volume":"70","author":"Perini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2020.110111","article-title":"Green roof and green wall benefits and costs: A review of the quantitative evidence","volume":"135","author":"Manso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.12.207","article-title":"Well-being, health and urban coherence-advancing vertical greening approach toward resilience: A design practice consideration","volume":"182","author":"Ling","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/15\/5\/4107\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:41:08Z","timestamp":1760121668000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/15\/5\/4107"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["su15054107"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su15054107","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2071-1050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]]}}}