{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:14:11Z","timestamp":1760148851203,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]],"date-time":"2023-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04625\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04625\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The unprecedented global health crisis caused by COVID-19 is undoubtedly having a major impact on international tourism for two reasons. While the imposed travel restrictions have discouraged people from traveling, travelers are struggling with growing anxiety in coping with the new travel environment. We address the changing risk perceptions of travelers in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. Our primary objective is to identify and weigh significant emerging travel risks and develop a Risk Score Index to measure destination performance and strategic interventions for South African travelers. In this case, we used MACBETH and web-Delphi to construct that index with the help of 32 experts in the field. We found that the risks perceived by tourists are multifaceted and encompass categories, such as additional costs, exchange rates, and reimbursement-related factors. These three criteria are most important to the general perception of travel risk. We applied the developed risk assessment index to five destinations to assess their performance relative to the identified risks. The UK was the best-performing country.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su15129267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T02:59:57Z","timestamp":1686279597000},"page":"9267","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Assessing the Traveling Risks Perceived by South African Travelers during Pandemic Outbreaks: The Case of COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Pia Antoinette","family":"Plank","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds Filipe","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Caldas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Business and Economic School, Instituto Superior de Gest\u00e3o, Av. Mal. Craveiro Lopes 2A, 1700-284 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"CEG-IST, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1040-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Local Government, UNE School of Business, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8388-1250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Varela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Business and Economic School, Instituto Superior de Gest\u00e3o, Av. Mal. Craveiro Lopes 2A, 1700-284 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"CEFAGE, Faculdade de Economia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5418-9337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo Cunha","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERIS, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, 1040-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2018.03.006","article-title":"\u2018no ebola\u2026still doomed\u2019\u2014The ebola-induced tourism crisis","volume":"70","author":"Novelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Bush, T., and Pest Analysis of Coronavirus: Pandemic\u2019s 9 Impacts to World (2021, October 12). PESTLE Analysis. 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