{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T07:24:20Z","timestamp":1763018660847,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50017\/2020+UIDP\/50017\/2020+LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50017\/2020+UIDP\/50017\/2020+LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Herbicides are used worldwide to protect agricultural crops, glyphosate being among the most frequently applied. In 2019 the European Commission approved the use of this herbicide for another 5 years and is now preparing its re-authorization for marketing. It is known that glyphosate (an active ingredient\u2014AI) is usually less toxic than its commercial formulations, which may be related to adjuvants presents in such formulas. In this context, this work aimed to evaluate and compare the effects of glyphosate, as the commercial formulation Roundup\u00ae Ready (RR), and the AI in the Hydra viridissima life cycle, namely: mortality, morphology, feeding, reproduction, and regeneration. To attain this goal, H. viridissima was exposed to an environmentally relevant concentration of glyphosate (5.2 mg AI\/L, both for RR and the AI) and to its culture medium (control). The mortality was lower than 0.03% for both RR and AI. Regarding morphological alterations, these were more severe on organisms exposed to RR, while a high recovery capacity in hydras exposed to AI was observed. No hydra was able to completely regenerate its body parts when exposed to RR, while 95% of the organisms exposed to AI were able to regenerate completely. The feeding rates of hydras exposed to RR decreased by from ~20% to ~50% compared to AI. As for reproduction, hydras exposed to RR released ~70% less buds than those exposed to AI. These timely results suggest that adjuvants present in the commercial formulation of glyphosate may cause higher toxicity to biota than the AI at environmentally relevant concentrations. Though the commercial formulation exerted higher toxicity in hydra, the effects AI induced in the morphology of the hydra cannot be disregarded, suggesting that a deeper understanding on the long-term toxicity of this AI is still needed to further support the decision on its marketing authorization and environmentally safe use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su151612428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T09:57:02Z","timestamp":1692179822000},"page":"12428","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Glyphosate and Roundup\u00ae Ready Effects in Hydra viridissima: New Data in an Old Issue"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6232-4081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e1tia","family":"Ven\u00e2ncio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9325-0329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2017.10.002","article-title":"Effects of glyphosate application and nitrogen fertilization on the soil and the consequences on aboveground and belowground interactions","volume":"311","author":"Nivelle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.10.128","article-title":"Effects of low concentrations of glyphosate-based herbicide factor 540\u00ae on an agricultural stream freshwater phytoplankton community","volume":"192","author":"Smedbol","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2012.05.008","article-title":"Glyphosate in northern ecosystems","volume":"17","author":"Helander","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.2130","article-title":"Glyphosate reduces urediniospore development and Puccinia psidii disease severity on Eucalyptus grandis","volume":"67","author":"Alfenas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023, May 29). Glyphosate and AMPA in Drinking-Water Background Document for Development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality. World Health Organization, (WHO\/SDE\/WSH\/03.04\/97). Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/water_sanitation_health\/dwq\/chemicals\/glyphosateampa290605.pdf."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scribner, E.A., Battaglin, W.A., Gilliom, R.J., and Meyer, M.T. (2007). Concentrations of Glyphosate, Its Degradation Product, Aminomethylphosphonic Acid, and Glufosinate in Ground- and Surface-Water, Rainfall, and Soil Samples Collected in the United States, 2001\u20132006, United States Geological Survey. U.S. Geological Survey Investigations Report 2007-5122.","DOI":"10.3133\/sir20075122"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2007.10.059","article-title":"Environmental fate and non-target impact of glyphosate-based herbicide (Roundup\u00ae) in a subtropical wetland","volume":"71","author":"Tsui","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rendon-von Osten, J., and Dzul-Caamal, R. (2017). Glyphosate Residues in Groundwater, Drinking Water and Urine of Subsistence Farmers from Intensive Agriculture Localities: A Survey in Hopelch\u00e9n, Campeche, Mexico. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14060595"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01056243","article-title":"Toxicity of the herbicide glyphosate and several of its formulations to fish and aquatic invertebrates","volume":"8","author":"Folmar","year":"1979","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Mann, R.M., and Bidwell, J.R. (2023, May 29). The Toxicity of Glyphosate and Several Glyphosate Formulations to Four Species of Southwestern Australian Frogs. Available online: http:\/\/www.bison-m.org\/documents\/41_Mann1999.pdf."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(03)00306-0","article-title":"Aquatic toxicity of glyphosate-based formulations: Comparison between different organisms and the effects of environmental factors","volume":"52","author":"Tsui","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-007-9277-5","article-title":"Effects of the Glyphosate Active Ingredient and a Formulation on Lemna gibba L. at Different Exposure Levels and Assessment End-Points","volume":"79","author":"Sobrero","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-011-0463-0","article-title":"Effects of pesticide formulations and active ingredients on the coelenterate Hydra attenuata (Pallas, 1766)","volume":"88","author":"Demetrio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-012-1021-1","article-title":"Clone- and age-dependent toxicity of a glyphosate commercial formulation and its active ingredient in Daphnia magna","volume":"22","author":"Cuhra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-018-1978-5","article-title":"Effects of the herbicide Roundup\u00ae on the metabolic activity of Gammarus fossarum Koch, 1836 (Crustacea; Amphipoda)","volume":"27","author":"Blaurock","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1002\/ieam.4350","article-title":"Glyphosate toxicity to native nontarget macrophytes following three different routes of incidental exposure","volume":"17","author":"Sesin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128403","article-title":"Survival recovery rates by six clonal lineages of Daphnia longispina after intermittent exposures to copper","volume":"264","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (2015). The IARC Monograph on the Herbicide Glyphosate, International Agency for Research on Cancer."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1387\/ijdb.113469bq","article-title":"Hydra, a model system for environmental studies","volume":"56","author":"Quinn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.3103\/S1063455X19050102","article-title":"Hydra attenuata, a model system for determining the acute lethal and chronic toxicity of drinking and natural waters and aqueous solutions of chemicals","volume":"41","author":"Nanieva","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Water Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161640","article-title":"Ecotoxicity of eluates obtained from Basamid\u00ae contaminated soils is pH dependent: A study with Hydra viridissima, Xenopus laevis and Danio rerio","volume":"868","author":"Gabriel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1006\/eesa.1999.1796","article-title":"Potential of two hydra species as standard toxicity test animals","volume":"43","author":"Pollino","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1590\/S1676-06032013000200003","article-title":"A search for predators and food selectivity of two native species of Hydra (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Brazil","volume":"13","author":"Massaro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biota Neotrop."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3012","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-007-7204-x","article-title":"Hydra\u2014Ancient model with modern outfit","volume":"64","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Wilby, O.K. (1988, January 3). The Hydra Regeneration Assay. Proceedings of the Workshop Organised by Association Francaise de Teratologie, Royaumont, France."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.1897\/09-021.1","article-title":"The toxicity of Roundup Original Max to 13 species of larval amphibians","volume":"28","author":"Relyea","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Liscampo (2022, June 23). Available online: http:\/\/www.liscampo.com\/uploads\/documentos\/produtos\/eba_ROUNDUP_PRONTO.pdf."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-016-1753-4","article-title":"The Hydra regeneration assay reveals ecological risks in running waters: A new proposal to detect environmental teratogenic threats","volume":"26","author":"Traversetti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-3120-3_12","article-title":"Hydra population reproduction toxicity test method","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Holdway","year":"2005","journal-title":"Small-Scale Freshwater Toxicity Investigations"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2256(1997)12:1<53::AID-TOX8>3.0.CO;2-7","article-title":"Acute toxicity assessment of industrial effluents with a microplate-based Hydra attenuata assay","volume":"12","author":"Biaise","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Water Qual."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109306","article-title":"Adjuvant contributes Roundup\u2019s unexpected effects on A549 cells","volume":"184","author":"Hao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Envir. Resear."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3390\/jox12010003","article-title":"Glyphosate vs. glyphosate-based herbicides exposure: A review on their toxicity","volume":"12","author":"Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Xenobiot."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.03.110","article-title":"Effects of glyphosate and its commercial formulation, Roundup\u00aeUltramax, on liver histology of tadpoles of the neotropical frog, Leptodactylus latrans (amphibia: Anura)","volume":"202","author":"Bach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124966","article-title":"Hydrophobic modifications of hydroxyethyl cellulose polymers: Their influence on the acute toxicity to aquatic biota","volume":"409","author":"Alves","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/0742-8413(87)90147-2","article-title":"Glutathione transferases in aquatic and terrestrial animals from nine phyla","volume":"86","author":"Stenersen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C Comp. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2004.03.001","article-title":"Effect of three xenobiotic compounds on Glutathione S-Transferase in the clam Ruditapes decussatus","volume":"68","author":"Hoarau","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2013.11.013","article-title":"Cell damage induced by copper: An explant model to study anemone cells","volume":"28","author":"Anjos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol. Vitr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2013.08.005","article-title":"Physiological changes of a green alga (Micractinium sp.) involved in an early-stage of association with Tetrahymena thermophila during 5-year microcosm culture","volume":"114","author":"Germond","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biosystems"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-9525(96)81419-3","article-title":"Pattern formation in the immortal Hydra","volume":"12","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00026489","article-title":"A review of some physiological and evolutionary aspects of body size and bud size of Hydra","volume":"216\u2013217","author":"Slobodkin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.4038\/jnsfsr.v39i2.3178","article-title":"Acute toxicity of a glyphosate herbicide, Roundup\u00ae, to two freshwater crustaceans","volume":"39","author":"Deepananda","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Natl. Sci. Found. Sri Lanka"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2013.01.016","article-title":"Toxic and genotoxic effects of Roundup on tadpoles of the Indian skittering frog (Euflictis cyanophlyctis) in the presence and absence of predator stress","volume":"132","author":"Yadav","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/15\/16\/12428\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:34:38Z","timestamp":1760128478000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/15\/16\/12428"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["su151612428"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su151612428","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2071-1050"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]]}}}