{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T06:52:02Z","timestamp":1774767122495,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]],"date-time":"2023-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692316800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Water scarcity is a driver for society to rethink water management and change the paradigm of use to a fit-for-purpose approach\u2014i.e., separating potable water for human consumption (drinking, cooking or personal hygiene) from all non-potable uses that do not require the same quality level. In this context, urban water reuse is a relevant tool for municipalities and metropolitan areas when dealing with pressure on water resources, among several alternative water sources that can be considered in a site-specific and integrated manner. Through the available literature and specific case studies in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area, this paper explores the benefits and barriers of water reuse and intends to support local authorities in including water reuse in their water management strategies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper focusing on Portugal and the Lisbon Metropolitan Area that globally examines governance, economic, legislative and social aspects regarding water reuse and presents specific implementation examples covering potable and non-potable as well as direct and indirect reuse.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su151612578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]],"date-time":"2023-08-18T10:28:48Z","timestamp":1692354528000},"page":"12578","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Water Reuse, a Sustainable Alternative in the Context of Water Scarcity and Climate Change in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0366-4740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Cordeiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Sociais, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. An\u00edbal Bettencourt 9, 1600-189 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Ferrario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Sociais, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. An\u00edbal Bettencourt 9, 1600-189 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Hugo Xambre","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1guas do Tejo Atl\u00e2ntico, S.A., F\u00e1brica de \u00c1gua de Alc\u00e2ntara, Avenida de Ceuta, 1300-254 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9616-295X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipa","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1335-0635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Saldanha","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pirani, A., Connors, S.L., P\u00e9an, C., Berger, S., Caud, N., Chen, Y., Goldfarb, L., and Gomis, M.I. (2021). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press. Available online: https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/report\/ar6\/wg1\/."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Shiklomanov, I. (1998). World Water Resources. 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