{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T13:30:37Z","timestamp":1775223037573,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]],"date-time":"2023-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Safely managed sanitation is indispensable for societies to ensure public health, environmental protection, and economic and social development. This could be achieved, in large areas of the world, through dry sanitation systems. Dry sanitation systems are especially used in water-scarce regions and low-income households. In dense peri-urban areas, the achievement of safe sanitation necessitates a comprehensive fecal sludge management (FSM) service chain, surpassing the mere provision of latrines. This research introduces an automatic Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) approach, which focuses on the particular interface\/storage stage of the FSM service chain. The tool aims to support the decision-making process and may be especially useful in the early stages of sanitation planning as it compares different technologies with potential application in low-income countries. It includes different criteria and parameters for the Social, Economic, Technical, and Environmental dimensions of dry sanitation options (SETEds), being adaptable to different contexts and to different priorities. The main key strengths of the tool were found to be its minimal data requirements and ability to customize operation and maintenance cost parameters. These features are particularly relevant in data-scarce contexts, where traditional models may lead to unreliable recommendations or lack of solution ownership by users. The tool was applied to the Ambriz case study, a coastal town in Northern Angola, in West Africa. The obtained results are analyzed and show the tool\u2019s application provides technology recommendations aligned with the site and community characteristics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su151914155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T03:53:00Z","timestamp":1695700380000},"page":"14155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dry Sanitation Technologies: Developing a Simplified Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis Tool"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Margarida Fid\u00e9lis","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability (CERIS), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Carolina Pires","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability (CERIS), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rita Ventura","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hidra, Hidr\u00e1ulica e Ambiente, Av. Defensores de Chaves, 31\u20131\u00b0 Esq., 1000-111 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Liliana","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability (CERIS), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"National Water Directorate (DNA) of Angola, Condominium Dolce Vita, Building 1D, 6th Floor, Luanda, Angola"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1335-0635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Saldanha","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering Research and Innovation for Sustainability (CERIS), Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Hidra, Hidr\u00e1ulica e Ambiente, Av. Defensores de Chaves, 31\u20131\u00b0 Esq., 1000-111 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO, and UNICEF (2021). Progress on Household Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene 2000\u20132020 Five Years into the SDGs, UNICEF."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strande, L., Ronteltap, M., and Brdjanovic, D. (2014). Faecal Sludge Management\u2014Systems Approach for Implementation and Operation, IWAPublishing.","DOI":"10.2166\/9781780404738"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jup.2018.03.007","article-title":"Economic and Financial Aspects of the Sanitation Challenge: A Practitioner Approach","volume":"52","author":"Perard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Util. Policy"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2023, July 27). Emersan. Available online: http:\/\/www.emersan-compendium.org\/."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.111004","article-title":"Developing sanitation planning options: A tool for systematic consideration of novel technologies and systems","volume":"271","author":"Spuhler","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.2166\/washdev.2021.203","article-title":"Decision support system for selection of appropriate water supply and sanitation technologies in developing countries","volume":"11","author":"Bouabid","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Water Sanit. Hyg. Dev."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2023, July 27). Asian Institute of Technology, CEPT University, CSTEP e University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences. Toolbox by FSMA. Available online: www.fsmtoolbox.com."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matos, R.V., Ferreira, F., Alves, L., Ramos, E., Costa, L., and Matos, J.S. (2021). Multi-Criteria Framework for Selection of City-Wide Sanitation Solutions in Coastal Towns in Northern Angola. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13105627"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Tilley, E., Ulrich, L., L\u00fcthi, C., Reymond, P., and Zurbr\u00fcgg, C. (2014). Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag). [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Shaw, R.J. (2016). Ensuring Availability and Sustainable Management of Water and Sanitation for All: Proceedings of the 39th WEDC International Conference, Kumasi, Ghana, 11\u201315 July 2016, Loughborough University. Briefing Paper 2529."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Russel, K., and Montgomery, I. (2020). Container Based Sanitation Implementation Guide, Container-Based Sanitation Alliance. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Rosling, H., Roonlund, A.R., and Rosling, O. (2018). Factfulness: Ten Reasons We\u2019re Wrong About the World\u2014And Why Things Are Better Than You Think, Sceptre."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"The World Bank (2023, July 27). World Bank Country and Lending Groups. Available online: https:\/\/datahelpdesk.worldbank.org\/knowledgebase\/articles\/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"WHO, and UNICEF (2020). State of the World Sanitation: An Urgent Call to Transform Sanitation for Better Health, Environments, Economies and Societies, UNICEF."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"WHO (2022). UN-Water Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water Report (GLAAS), WHO."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"UNICEF (2023). Bottleneck Analysis of the WASH Sector in Angola\u2014From a Public Finance Perspective, UNICEF."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Ministry of Energy and Water of Angola (MINEA) (2023). Consulting Services for the Development of Faecal Sludge Management Guidelines, Capacity Building and IRSEA Institution Development in Regulation of Sanitation Services, Ministry of Energy and Water of Angola. Inception Report."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"WashCost (2012). Providing a Basic Level of Water and Sanitation Services that Last: Cost Benchmarks, IRC."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"DWAF (2007). Sanitation Technology Options, Department Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF)."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"ATC (2013). Ecological Sanitation: Construction Cost Analysis and Users Experience of Fossa Alterna Latrine, Executive Printers."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Menter, U. (2016). New Sanitation Techniques in the Development Procuration: An Economical Reflection. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Hafencity University of Hamburg]."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (2018). Case Studies in Gender Integration: Sanitation Process and Service Delivery in Kenya, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2020.00001","article-title":"Estimating Safely Managed Sanitation in Urban Areas; Lessons Learned from a Global Implementation of Excreta-Flow Diagrams","volume":"8","author":"Peal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Dire\u00e7\u00e3o Nacional de \u00c1guas de Angola (DNA) (2020). Coastal Towns Wastewater Management Study for Landana, N\u2019zeto, Cabinda and Soyo Towns, Feasibility Studies, Dire\u00e7\u00e3o Nacional de \u00c1guas de Angola (DNA)."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Dire\u00e7\u00e3o Nacional de \u00c1guas de Angola (DNA) (2021). Coastal Towns Wastewater Management Study for Landana, N\u2019zeto, Cabinda and Soyo Towns, Soyo Detailed Project, Dire\u00e7\u00e3o Nacional de \u00c1guas de Angola (DNA)."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Pinto, M. (2013). Sistemas Locais de Saneamento de Baixo Custo. [Master\u2019s Thesis, IST-UL]."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Dire\u00e7\u00e3o Nacional de \u00c1guas de Angola (DNA) (2022). Consultancy Services for Coastal Towns Wastewater Management Study for Ambriz, Porto Amboim, Mo\u00e7\u00e2medes and T\u00f4mbwa, Dire\u00e7\u00e3o Nacional de \u00c1guas de Angola (DNA). Mo\u00e7\u00e2medes Detailed Project."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Dire\u00e7\u00e3o Nacional de Abastecimento de \u00c1gua e Saneamento de Mo\u00e7ambique (DNAAS) (2019). Infule Co-treatment WWTP, Dire\u00e7\u00e3o Nacional de Abastecimento de \u00c1gua e Saneamento de Mo\u00e7ambique (DNAAS). Vflow.Ges."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"The World Bank (2023, July 27). Inflation, Consumer Prices (Annual %). Available online: https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"The World Bank (2023, July 27). Official Exchange Rate (LCU per US$, Period Average). Available online: https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/PA.NUS.FCRF."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Hidra, H., and Vista Water, E. (2022). Environmental and Social Impact Study for the Wastewater and Faecal Sludge Management Preliminary Project Report for the City of Ambriz, Dire\u00e7\u00e3o Nacional de \u00c1guas de Angola (DNA)."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Gray, J., and Coates, J. (2023, July 27). How Cost Analysis Dispels Myths about Container-Based Sanitation. Available online: https:\/\/www.ey.com\/en_gl\/corporate-responsibility\/how-cost-analysis-dispels-myths-about-container-based-sanitation."}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/15\/19\/14155\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:57:35Z","timestamp":1760129855000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/15\/19\/14155"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["su151914155"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su151914155","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2071-1050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]]}}}