{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T04:32:50Z","timestamp":1775190770872,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Norte Portugal Regional Operational Programme (NORTE 2020)","award":["NORTE-01-0145- FEDER000073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145- FEDER000073"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Efficient and sustainable urban mobility is critical for contemporary cities, and understanding the factors influencing modal choices is essential for addressing transportation challenges in metropolitan areas. This study focuses on the Porto Metropolitan Area (AMP) in Portugal and aims to gain insights into these factors. Using data from the last mobility survey (IMob) conducted in 2017, a multinomial logit (MNL) model is used to analyze individual modal choices amongst private motorized vehicles (PMVs), public transport (PT), and active modes (AMs). The findings unveiled that demographic, socioeconomic, and travel-related characteristics substantially influence individual modal choices within the studied area. Moreover, probability scenarios highlight the importance of financial considerations, environmental consciousness, and accessibility to public transport in promoting sustainable transportation options. These insights have significant implications for policymakers and stakeholders involved in urban planning and transportation management. This study contributes to the literature by providing valuable insights into individuals\u2019 transportation preferences and behaviors, facilitating decision-making based on evidence for infrastructure improvements and targeted interventions. By promoting sustainable transportation alternatives and reducing reliance on PMVs, this study aims to enhance the livability and sustainability of the AMP, aligning with long-term sustainability goals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su152014765","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]],"date-time":"2023-10-12T03:07:47Z","timestamp":1697080067000},"page":"14765","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Exploring Modal Choices for Sustainable Urban Mobility: Insights from the Porto Metropolitan Area in Portugal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4596-2487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hudyeron","family":"Rocha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CITTA\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o do Territ\u00f3rio, Transportes e Ambiente, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7614-7605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Lobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CITTA\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o do Territ\u00f3rio, Transportes e Ambiente, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0082-1039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Pedro","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CITTA\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o do Territ\u00f3rio, Transportes e Ambiente, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7469-3186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CITTA\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o do Territ\u00f3rio, Transportes e Ambiente, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s\/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2013.07.004","article-title":"Planning more for sustainable mobility","volume":"33","author":"Hickman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s12544-012-0088-3","article-title":"Factors affecting modal choice in urban mobility","volume":"5","author":"Tyrinopoulos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Transp. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s40864-023-00190-5","article-title":"Understanding Influencing Factors of Travel Mode Choice in Urban-Suburban Travel: A Case Study in Shanghai","volume":"9","author":"Le","year":"2023","journal-title":"Urban Rail Transit"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107262","article-title":"Long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution and selected health outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"164","author":"Boogaard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2020.102465","article-title":"Sustainable urban mobility: One definition, different stakeholders\u2019 opinions","volume":"87","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jordov\u00e1, R., and Br\u016fhov\u00e1-Folt\u00fdnov\u00e1, H. (2021). Rise of a New Sustainable Urban Mobility Planning Paradigm in Local Governance: Does the SUMP Make a Difference?. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13115950"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"INE\u2014Instituto Nacional de Estat\u00edstica (2018). Mobilidade e Funcionalidade do Territ\u00f3rio nas \u00c1reas Metropolitanas do Porto e de Lisboa: 2017, INE. Available online: https:\/\/www.ine.pt\/xurl\/pub\/349495406."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rocha, H., Filgueiras, M., Tavares, J.P., and Ferreira, S. (2023). Public Transport Usage and Perceived Service Quality in a Large Metropolitan Area: The Case of Porto. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15076287"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Massar, M., Reza, I., Rahman, S.M., Abdullah, S.M.H., Jamal, A., and Al-Ismail, F.S. (2021). Impacts of Autonomous Vehicles on Greenhouse Gas Emissions\u2014Positive or Negative?. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18115567"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.05.032","article-title":"Car free cities: Pathway to healthy urban living","volume":"94","author":"Nieuwenhuijsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"ANSR\u2014National Authority for Road Safety (2023, May 11). Statistics and Accident Reports Page. Available online: http:\/\/www.ansr.pt\/Estatisticas\/RelatoriosDeSinistralidade\/Pages\/default.aspx."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"IMT\u2014Institute for Mobility and Transport (2023, May 11). Sector Reports Page. Available online: https:\/\/www.imt-ip.pt\/sites\/IMTT\/Portugues\/IMTT\/relatoriosectoriais\/Paginas\/RelatoriosSetoriais.aspx."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"INE\u2014Instituto Nacional de Estat\u00edstica (National Institute of Statistics) (2022). Estat\u00edsticas dos Transportes e Comunica\u00e7\u00f5es: 2021, INE. Available online: https:\/\/www.ine.pt\/xurl\/pub\/16909661."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Youssef, Z., Alshuwaikhat, H., and Reza, I. (2021). Modeling the Modal Shift towards a More Sustainable Transport by Stated Preference in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13010337"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schubert, T.F., Henning, E., and Lopes, S.B. (2020). Analysis of the Possibility of Transport Mode Switch: A Case Study for Joinville Students. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202005.0139.v1"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nathanail, E.G., Gavanas, N., and Adamos, G. (2023). Smart Energy for Smart Transport. CSUM 2022. Lecture Notes in Intelligent Transportation and Infrastructure, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-23721-8"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Zarembka, P. (1973). Frontiers in Econometrics, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1255(200009\/10)15:5<447::AID-JAE570>3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"Mixed MNL Models for Discrete Response","volume":"15","author":"McFadden","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Appl. Econom."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tbs.2020.02.003","article-title":"Prediction and behavioral analysis of travel mode choice: A comparison of machine learning and logit models","volume":"20","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Travel Behav. Soc."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"100683","article-title":"Factors that affect travel behaviour in developing cities: A methodological review","volume":"16","author":"Mwale","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Interdiscip. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Goulias, K.G., Davis, A.W., and McBride, E.C. (2020). Mapping the Travel Behavior Genome, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tbs.2021.12.003","article-title":"Travellers\u2019 use and perception of travel time in long-distance trips in Europe","volume":"27","author":"Cornet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Travel Behav. Soc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tbs.2022.03.007","article-title":"Exploring the factors influencing the use of public transport by commuters living in networks of small cities and towns","volume":"28","author":"Rasca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Travel Behav. Soc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2015-205620","article-title":"Associations between individual socioeconomic position, neighbourhood disadvantage and transport mode: Baseline results from the HABITAT multilevel study","volume":"69","author":"Rachele","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2012.11.005","article-title":"Quality attributes of public transport that attract car users: A research review","volume":"25","author":"Redman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1","article-title":"Characteristics of Trips and Travellers in Private and Public Transportation in the Danish Travel Survey data","volume":"16","author":"Anderson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dan. J. Transp. Res. Dan. Tidskr. Transp."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2008.06.002","article-title":"Public Transit User Satisfaction: Variability and Policy Implications","volume":"15","author":"Tyrinopoulos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2016.03.002","article-title":"Customer perceptions of quality of service in public transport: Evidence for bus transit in Scotland","volume":"4","author":"Morton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Case Stud. Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.93.9.1552","article-title":"Neighborhood-Based Differences in Physical Activity: An Environment Scale Evaluation","volume":"93","author":"Saelens","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2003.10.005","article-title":"Perceived environment attributes, residential location, and walking for particular purposes","volume":"26","author":"Humpel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tbs.2019.08.003","article-title":"Process and determinants of mobility decisions\u2014A holistic and dynamic travel behaviour framework","volume":"17","author":"Wong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Travel Behav. Soc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1207\/S15324796ABM2502_03","article-title":"Environmental correlates of walking and cycling: Findings from the transportation, urban design, and planning literatures","volume":"25","author":"Saelens","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-014-9551-4","article-title":"Exploring the role of individual attitudes and perceptions in predicting the demand for cycling: A hybrid choice modelling approach","volume":"41","author":"Sivakumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"605","article-title":"Quality of Service in Public Transport Based on Customer Satisfaction Surveys: A Review and Assessment of Methodological Approaches","volume":"49","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transp. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2018.06.001","article-title":"Urban form, transit supply, and travel behavior in Latin America: Evidence from Mexico\u2019s 100 largest urban areas","volume":"69","author":"Guerra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2015.06.012","article-title":"An investigation on the performances of mode shift models in transit ridership forecasting","volume":"78","author":"Idris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2016.11.001","article-title":"Commuter\u2019s sensitivity in mode choice: An empirical study of New Delhi","volume":"57","author":"Chandra","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Haghani, M., and Bliemer, M.C.J. (2021). Structure and temporal evolution of transportation literature. Digital Libraries: Physics and Society. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"05018013","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000459","article-title":"Modeling Mode Choice Behaviors for Public Transport Commuters in Beijing","volume":"144","author":"Weng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Urban Plan. Dev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2015.06.014","article-title":"Pricing and mode choice based on nested logit model with trip-chain costs","volume":"44","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.7708\/ijtte.2014.4(3).03","article-title":"Mode choice analysis: The data, the models and future ahead","volume":"4","author":"Minal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Traffic Transp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2021.116253","article-title":"A systematic comparative evaluation of machine learning classifiers and discrete choice models for travel mode choice in the presence of response heterogeneity","volume":"193","author":"Salas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Zhang, L., Liu, Y., and Zhang, L. (2023). Understanding Travel Mode Choice Behavior: Influencing Factors Analysis and Prediction with Machine Learning Method. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su151411414"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2022.07.011","article-title":"Travel mode preferences among German commuters over the course of COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"126","author":"Ferreira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2018.01.019","article-title":"Providing quantified evidence to policy makers for promoting bike-sharing in heavily air-polluted cities: A mode choice model and policy simulation for Taiyuan-China","volume":"111","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.retrec.2015.10.018","article-title":"Investigating next generation\u2019s cycling ridership to promote sustainable mobility in different types of cities","volume":"53","author":"Kamargianni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res. Transp. Econ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.3141\/2140-18","article-title":"Influence of Individual Perceptions and Bicycle Infrastructure on Decision to Bike","volume":"2140","author":"Akar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kong, J., Zhang, C., and Simonovic, S.P. (2019). A Two-Stage Restoration Resource Allocation Model for Enhancing the Resilience of Interdependent Infrastructure Systems. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11195143"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1108\/BEPAM-06-2020-0109","article-title":"A resource allocation framework for predisaster resilience management of interdependent infrastructure networks","volume":"11","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Built Environ. Proj. Asset Manag."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"INE (2023, May 29). Annual Estimates of the Resident Population; MA\u2013DGT, Official Administrative Map of Portugal. Available online: https:\/\/www.ine.pt\/xportal\/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_cont_inst&INST=395986936."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2014-0226","article-title":"Determination of reference limits: Statistical concepts and tools for sample size calculation","volume":"52","author":"Wellek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"100616","article-title":"A review of the socio-demographic characteristics affecting the demand for different car-sharing operational schemes","volume":"14","author":"Amirnazmiafshar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Interdiscip. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2017.05.012","article-title":"Car sharing adoption intention in urban areas: What are the key socio-demographic drivers?","volume":"101","author":"Prieto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2015.02.018","article-title":"Origin\u2013destination trips by purpose and time of day inferred from mobile phone data","volume":"58","author":"Alexander","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, M., Li, J., Shi, Z., Liu, Y., Shuai, C., and Liu, J. (2022). Exploring the Nonlinear and Threshold Effects of Travel Distance on the Travel Mode Choice across Different Groups: An Empirical Study of Guiyang, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192316045"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-015-9619-9","article-title":"Travel mode choice and travel satisfaction: Bridging the gap between decision utility and experienced utility","volume":"43","author":"Mokhtarian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tbs.2023.100613","article-title":"Sustainable transport modes, travel satisfaction, and emotions: Evidence from car-dependent compact cities","volume":"33","author":"Mouratidis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Travel Behav. Soc."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2018.10.006","article-title":"The dilemma of systematic underreporting of travel behavior when conducting travel diary surveys\u2014A meta-analysis and methodological considerations to solve the problem","volume":"32","author":"Sammer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Procedia"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.3141\/1855-24","article-title":"Behavioral Mechanisms of Nonresponse in Mail-Back Travel Surveys","volume":"1855","author":"Richardson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-2615(01)00046-7","article-title":"Structural Equation Modeling for Travel Behavior Research","volume":"37","author":"Golob","year":"2003","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part B Methodol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s001680050105","article-title":"On the relationship between travel time and travel distance of commuters","volume":"33","author":"Rietveld","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. Reg. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ort\u00fazar, J.D., and Willumsen, L.G. (2011). Modelling Transport, John Wiley and Sons Ltd.. [4th ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119993308"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-2615(03)00009-2","article-title":"Modeling traveler choice behavior using the concepts of relative utility and relative interest","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part B Methodol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.5057\/ijae.IJAE-D-15-00044","article-title":"Factors Influencing to Travel Behavior on Transport Mode Choice","volume":"15","author":"Madhuwanthi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Affect. Eng."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guti\u00e9rrez, A., Miravet, D., Saladi\u00e9, \u00d2., and Anton Clav\u00e9, S. (2019). Transport Mode Choice by Tourists Transferring from a Peripheral High-Speed Rail Station to Their Destinations: Empirical Evidence from Costa Daurada. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11113200"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1080\/15568310802178314","article-title":"Influences of Built Environments on Walking and Cycling: Lessons from Bogot\u00e1","volume":"3","author":"Cervero","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Transp."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2010.08.010","article-title":"The role of attitudes toward characteristics of bicycle commuting on the choice to cycle to work over various distances","volume":"16","author":"Heinen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2021.12.043","article-title":"The 15-minute city: Interpreting the model to bring out urban resiliencies","volume":"60","author":"Abdelfattah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Procedia"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.3390\/smartcities5040069","article-title":"Urban Planning in the 15-Minute City: Revisited under Sustainable and Smart City Developments until 2030","volume":"5","author":"Pozoukidou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Smart Cities"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3390\/smartcities4010006","article-title":"Introducing the \u201c15-Minute City\u201d: Sustainability, Resilience and Place Identity in Future Post-Pandemic Cities","volume":"4","author":"Moreno","year":"2021","journal-title":"Smart Cities"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Case Study of a 15-Minute City Concept in Singapore\u2019s 2040 Land Transport Master Plan: 20-Minute Towns and a 45-Minute City","volume":"5","author":"Manifesty","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Transp. Technol."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Train, K. (2009). Discrete Choice Methods with Simulation, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2016.05.007","article-title":"Neighborhood disadvantage, individual-level socioeconomic position and physical function: A cross-sectional multilevel analysis","volume":"89","author":"Loh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2017.07.016","article-title":"Exploring car ownership and car use in neighborhoods near metro stations in Beijing: Does the neighborhood built environment matter?","volume":"56","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-2615(03)00005-5","article-title":"A Mixed Spatially Correlated Logit Model: Formulation and Application to Residential Choice Modelling","volume":"38","author":"Bhat","year":"2004","journal-title":"Transp. Res. B"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.5038\/2375-0901.17.1.3","article-title":"Evaluating Public Transportation Local Funding Options","volume":"17","author":"Litman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Public Transp."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2022.08.004","article-title":"MaaS to pull us out of a car-centric orbit: Principles for sustainable Mobility-as-a-Service in the context of unsustainable car dependency","volume":"10","author":"Pritchard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Case Stud. Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.3390\/futuretransp3010013","article-title":"Assessment of the Impact of Advertising in Promoting Sustainable Mobility and Multimodality in the Urban Transport System","volume":"3","year":"2023","journal-title":"Future Transp."}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/15\/20\/14765\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:05:08Z","timestamp":1760130308000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/15\/20\/14765"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["su152014765"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su152014765","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2071-1050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]]}}}