{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T16:25:13Z","timestamp":1761582313143,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]],"date-time":"2023-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Centre of Studies in Geography and Spatial Planning (CEGOT)","award":["UIDB\/04084\/2020","UIDP\/04084\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04084\/2020","UIDP\/04084\/2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04084\/2020","UIDP\/04084\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04084\/2020","UIDP\/04084\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Karst is a peculiar natural landscape arising from high rock solubility and well-developed underground solutional channel porosity. It is unique for its surface relief (exokarst) and subsurface drainage, including cave systems (endokarst). In Portugal, karst areas mainly consist of marginal or low-density territories with great fragility and vulnerability and great geo-environmental richness that merits better policies and practices regarding their geo-conservation. Endokarst potential assessments can provide decision-makers and local authorities insight into present and future territorial management and planning. In this context, the main objective of this study was to produce a cartographic model to identify areas with a greater probability of containing karstic caves\u2014i.e., a greater endokarst potential\u2014in the northern sector of the Santo Ant\u00f3nio Plateau (Estremadura Limestone Massif, Central Portugal). Geological, topographic, hydrogeological, and land cover data were collected, processed, and integrated into a spatial database using a Geographic Information System. The locations of known cave entrances in the study area were also identified from local public institutions and speleological team records. Subsequently, four conditioning factors were extracted from the data: lithostratigraphic units, fracture density, relief energy, and land cover. Using a multi-criteria decision-making analysis, each previously chosen conditioning factor and its respective classes were weighted using an analytic hierarchy process. The locations of known cave entrances served to evaluate the cartographic model built, with results showing an agreement of 81.9%. This prototype of the endokarst potential map for the study area may be used for strategic and operational environmental planning (at least on a local scale) to assist decision-makers, competent authorities, and local speleological teams. Its application may promote a more accurate and thoughtful definition of areas to be investigated, substantially reducing the time and costs associated with field prospecting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su152115599","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]],"date-time":"2023-11-03T10:51:28Z","timestamp":1699008688000},"page":"15599","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Assessing Endokarst Potential in the Northern Sector of Santo Ant\u00f3nio Plateau (Estremadura Limestone Massif, Central Portugal)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Reis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Coimbra, Department of Geography and Tourism, Largo da Porta F\u00e9rrea, 3004-530 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3889-2492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca Antonio","family":"Dimuccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Coimbra, Centre of Studies in Geography and Spatial Planning (CEGOT), Department of Geography and Tourism, Largo da Porta F\u00e9rrea, 3004-530 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0086-7862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00facio","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Coimbra, Centre of Studies in Geography and Spatial Planning (CEGOT), Department of Geography and Tourism, Largo da Porta F\u00e9rrea, 3004-530 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"White, W.B. (1988). Geomorphology and Hydrology of Karst Terrains, O.U.P."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Ford, D., and Williams, P. (2007). Karst Geomorphology and Hydrology, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Dimuccio, A.L. (2014). A Carsifica\u00e7\u00e3o Nas Colinas Dolom\u00edticas a Sul de COIMBRA (Portugal Centro-Ocidental\u2014F\u00e1ceis Deposicionais e Controlos Estratigr\u00e1ficos do (Paleo)Carso no Grupo de Coimbra (Jur\u00e1ssico Inferior). [Ph.D. Thesis, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias da Terra da Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra]."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Tomlin, C.D. (1990). Geographic Information Systems and Cartographic Modeling, Prentice-Hall."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomlin, C.D. (2017). Cartographic Modeling in International Encyclopedia of Geography. Am. Cancer Soc., 1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118786352.wbieg0128"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"De Smith, M.J., Goodchild, M.F., and Longley, P.A. (2018). Geospatial Analysis: A Comprehensive Guide to Principles, Techniques and Software Tools, Winchelsea Press. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Bolstad, P., and Manson, S. (2022). GIS Fundamentals: A First Text on Geographic Information Systems, Eider Press. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-0548(99)00104-5","article-title":"Geographical information systems and location science","volume":"29","author":"Church","year":"2002","journal-title":"Comput. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Longley, P.A., Goodchild, M.F., Maguire, D.J., and Rhind, D.W. (2011). Geographic Information Systems & Science, John Wiley & Sons. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Huang, B., Thomas, J.C., and Ming-Hsiang, T. (2018). Comprehensive Geographic Information Systems, Elsevier. GIS methods and techniques."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, J. (2021). Fundamentals of Spatial Analysis and Modelling, CRC Press. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003220527"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Jennings, J.N. (1985). Karst Geomorphology, Oxford Blackwell."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Cunha, L. (1993). O Quatern\u00e1rio em Portugal, Balan\u00e7o e Perspectivas, Colibri. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Lucio-Cunha-2\/publication\/324088980_Geomorfologia_estrutural_e_carsica\/links\/5abd07990f7e9bfc0457a68b\/Geomorfologia-estrutural-e-carsica.pdf."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Palmer, A.N. (2007). Cave Geology, Allen Press."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Dimuccio, L.A. (2017). Espa\u00e7os e Tempos em Geografia: Homenagem a Ant\u00f3nio Gama, Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Waele, J., and Gutierrez, F. (2022). Karst Hydrogeology, Geomorphology and Caves, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119605379"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Crispim, J.A. (1995). Din\u00e2mica C\u00e1rsica e Implica\u00e7\u00f5es Ambientais nas Depress\u00f5es de Alvados e Minde. [Ph.D. Thesis, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, Departamento de Geologia]."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Rodrigues, L.M.E. (1998). Evolu\u00e7\u00e3o Geomorfol\u00f3gica Quatern\u00e1ria e Din\u00e2mica Actual. Aplica\u00e7\u00f5es ao Ordenamento do Territ\u00f3rio. Exemplos no Maci\u00e7o Calc\u00e1rio Estremenho. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade de Lisboa]."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Brilha, J. (2005). Patrim\u00f3nio Geol\u00f3gico e Geoconserva\u00e7\u00e3o a Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o da Natureza na Sua Componente Geol\u00f3gica, Palimage."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Cunha, L., Dimuccio, L.A., and Aubry, T. (2014, January 5\u20137). Patrim\u00f3nio c\u00e1rsico no Centro de Portugal. O caso do Maci\u00e7o de Sic\u00f3. Patrim\u00f3nio Geomorfol\u00f3gico e Geoconserva\u00e7\u00e3o. Experi\u00eancias em Portugal e no Brasil. Proceedings of the do I Encontro Luso-Brasileiro de Patrim\u00f3nio Geomorfol\u00f3gico e Geoconserva\u00e7\u00e3o, Coimbra, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Cunha, L., Dimuccio, A.L., and Paiva, I. (2023, May 15). Geopatrim\u00f3nio c\u00e1rsico e desenvolvimento local no Maci\u00e7o de Sic\u00f3. Desafios para afirmar a Lusofonia na Geografia F\u00edsica e Ambiente. II Encontro Luso-Afro-Americano de Geografia F\u00edsica e Ambiente 2018. Available online: https:\/\/repositorio.ul.pt\/handle\/10451\/36644."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.5937\/gp23-20463","article-title":"Karst geoheritage and geotourism potential in the Pek River lower basin (eastern Serbia)","volume":"23","author":"Aleksandar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geogr. Pannonica"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12371-022-00727-3","article-title":"Karst Heritage as a Tourist Attraction: A Case Study in the White Desert National Park, Western Desert, Egypt","volume":"14","author":"Khalaf","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geoheritage"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Transboundary Approach to Landscape Geointerpretation: Challenges in Interpretive Planning and Geoconservation","volume":"14","author":"Valjavec","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geoheritage"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"92","article-title":"Espeleoturismo em Portugal: Panorama Geral do Uso Tur\u00edstico das Cavidades Naturais","volume":"9","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Rosa Dos Ventos-Tur. E Hosp."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Torres, E., Spoladore, A., and Cunha, L. (2018). Paisagem e Territ\u00f3rio, UEL."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1007\/s12371-019-00416-8","article-title":"Karst Cave Geoheritage in Protected Areas: Characterisation and Proposals of Management of Deep Caves in the Picos de Europa National Park (Spain)","volume":"11","author":"Ballesteros","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geoheritage"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12371-022-00717-5","article-title":"Global Perspective on Sustainable Show Cave Tourism","volume":"14","author":"Chiarini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geoheritage"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Hobl\u00e9a, F. (2004). Expertise et M\u00e9diation Scientifique Pour la Gestion Durable de L\u2019Environnement Karstique, Pers\u00e9e. Actes de la r\u00e9union annuelle de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Suisse de G\u00e9omorphologie (SSGm), Gestion durable de l\u2019environnement karstique."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Leslie, A.N. (2011). Informal Karst Education in the United States and Internationally. [Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Geography, University of South Florida]."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"87","article-title":"The Karst Landscapes of Beni Mellal Atlas (Central Morocco): Identification for Promoting Geoconservation and Tourism","volume":"41","author":"Abdellah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Quaest. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"56","article-title":"An analysis of multi-criteria decision making methods","volume":"10","author":"Velasquez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.2478\/rtuect-2020-0028","article-title":"Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis Methods Comparison","volume":"24","author":"Zlaugotne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Clim. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vakilipour, S., Sadeghi-Niaraki, A., Ghodousi, M., and Choi, S. (2021). Comparison between Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Methods and Evaluating the Quality of Life at Different Spatial Levels. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13074067"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2015.01.005","article-title":"Sinkhole susceptibility mapping using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and magnitude-frequency relationships: A case study in Hamadan province, Iran","volume":"234","author":"Taheri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"265","article-title":"Karstification Potencial Mapping in Northeast of Khuzestan Province, Iran, using Logic and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) techniques","volume":"6","author":"Moradi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geopersia"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1007\/s12040-019-1119-4","article-title":"Potential detection of water resources in karst formations using APLIS model and modification with AHP and TOPSIS","volume":"128","author":"Zaree","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"51","article-title":"Prospec\u00e7\u00e3o interactiva de endocarso atrav\u00e9s de uma aplica\u00e7\u00e3o SIG","volume":"38","author":"Vargas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Finisterra"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1080\/02723646.2014.898198","article-title":"A GIS-based modeling approach to predicting cave disturbance in karst landscapes: A case study from west-central Florida","volume":"35","author":"Aken","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.3986\/ac.v45i2.4429","article-title":"Cave protection as a Karst conservation tool in the environmentally sensitive Lagoa Santa Karst, Southeastern Brazil","volume":"45","author":"Auler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Carsologica"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Gunn, J., Gillieson, D., Auler, A., and Bolger, T. (2022). Guidelines for Cave and Karst Protection, IUCN. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences4020050","article-title":"Remote Sensing and GIS Contribution to the Investigation of Karst Landscapes in NW-Morocco","volume":"4","author":"Malek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geosciences"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veress, M., and Le\u00e9l-\u0150ssy, S. (2022). Cave and Karst Systems of Hungary. Cave and Karst Systems of the World, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-92960-2"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamed, Y., Hadji, R., Ahmadi, R., Ayadi, Y., Shuhab, K., and Pulido-Bosch, A. (2023). Hydrogeological investigation of karst aquifers using an integrated geomorphological, geochemical, GIS, and remote sensing techniques (Southern Mediterranean Basin\u2014Tunisia). Environ. Dev. Sustain., 1\u201333.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-023-02994-8"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Cooper, A., Farrant, A., and Price, S. (2010). 2\u00ba Workshop Internazionale, I Sinkholes, Gli Sprofondamenti Catastrofici Nell\u2019ambiente Naturale ed in Quello Antropizzato, Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1177\/0309133317714246","article-title":"The application of geospatial techniques in monitoring karst vegetation recovery in southwest China: A review","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Phys. Geogr. Earth Environ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gsd.2020.100390","article-title":"Synthesizing existing frameworks to identify the potential for Managed Aquifer Recharge in a karstic and semi-arid region using GIS Multi Criteria Decision Analysis","volume":"11","author":"Fathi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Groundw. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019EA000719","DOI":"10.1029\/2019EA000719","article-title":"Prediction of karst suitable area using fuzzy AHP method and Dempster-Shafer theory","volume":"8","author":"Mokarram","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Martins, A.F. (1949). Maci\u00e7o Calc\u00e1rio Estremenho. Contribui\u00e7\u00e3o Para um Estudo de Geografia F\u00edsica. [Ph.D. Thesis, Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Coimbra]."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vieira, G., Z\u00eazere, J., and Mora, C. (2020). Landscapes and Landforms of Portugal. World Geomorphological Landscapes, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-03641-0"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Fleury, E. (1925). Portugal Subterr\u00e2neo, Ensaio de Espeleologia Portuguesa, Cole\u00e7\u00e3o Natura."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"30","article-title":"Cova da Velha","volume":"4","author":"Thomas","year":"1985","journal-title":"Espeleo Divulg."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"5","article-title":"Problemas da Evolu\u00e7\u00e3o Geomorfol\u00f3gica do Maci\u00e7o Calc\u00e1rio Estremenho","volume":"23","author":"Ferreira","year":"1988","journal-title":"Finisterra"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"9","article-title":"Caracter\u00edsticas c\u00e1rsicas das rochas carbonatadas da regi\u00e3o central do Maci\u00e7o Calc\u00e1rio Estremenho","volume":"3","author":"Crispim","year":"1992","journal-title":"Algar Bol. Soc. Port. De Espeleol."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Canais, F., and Fernandes, J. (1999). Lapas e Algares da Serra de Santo Ant\u00f3nio, SubTerra\u2014Grupo de Espeleologia."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Azer\u00eado, A.C. (1993). Jur\u00e1ssico M\u00e9dio do Maci\u00e7o Calc\u00e1rio Estremenho (Bacia Lusit\u00e2nica): An\u00e1lise de f\u00e1cies, micropaleontologia, paleogeografia. [Ph.D. Thesis, Departamento de Geologia da Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa]."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1144\/GSL.SP.1999.149.01.14","article-title":"Geometry and facies dynamics of Middle Jurassic carbonate ramp sandbodies. West-Central Portugal","volume":"149","year":"1998","journal-title":"Geol. Soc. Lond. Sp\u00e9c. Publ."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"In\u00eas, N. (2010). Paleotipologias Diagen\u00e9ticas em Forma\u00e7\u00f5es Carbonatadas do Jur\u00e1ssico M\u00e9dio da Bacia Lusit\u00e2nica: An\u00e1lise Multiscala e Aplica\u00e7\u00f5es \u00e0 Carateriza\u00e7\u00e3o de Reservat\u00f3rios. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Estratigrafia, Sedimentalogia e Palentologia, Departamento de Geologia da Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa]."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Carvalho, J.M. (2013). Tect\u00f3nica e carateriza\u00e7\u00e3o da fratura\u00e7\u00e3o do Maci\u00e7o Calc\u00e1rio Estremenho, Bacia Lusit\u00e2nica. Contributo para a Prospe\u00e7\u00e3o de Rochas Ornamentais e Ordenamento da Atividade Extrativa. [Ph.D. Thesis, Departamento de Geologia da Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa]."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"133","article-title":"Algumas reflex\u00f5es sobre a sedimenta\u00e7\u00e3o jur\u00e1ssica na orla meso-cenoz\u00f3ica ocidental de Portugal","volume":"97","author":"Rocha","year":"1984","journal-title":"Mem. Not\u00edcias Univ. Coimbra"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Dias, R., Ara\u00fajo, A., Terrinha, P., and Kullberg, C. (2013). Portugal, Vol. II, Geologia Meso-Cenoz\u00f3ica de Portugal. Escolar Editora, Escolar Editora."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Feio, M., and Daveau, S. (2004). O Relevo de Portugal. Grandes Unidades Regionais, Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Portuguesa de Geomorf\u00f3logos."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2496(77)90033-5","article-title":"A scaling method for priorities in hierarchical structures","volume":"15","author":"Saaty","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Math. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.32.7.841","article-title":"Axiomatic foundation of the analytic hierarchy process","volume":"32","author":"Saaty","year":"1986","journal-title":"Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Saaty, T.L. (2009). Theory and Applications of the Analytic Network Process: Decision Making with Benefits, Opportunities, Costs, and Risks, RWS Publications."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"201","article-title":"Analytic Hierarchy Process and Expert Choice: Benefits and limitations","volume":"22","author":"Ishizaka","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oper. Reasearch Soc."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1142\/S021962201550025X","article-title":"When is a Decision-Making Method Trustworthy?","volume":"14","author":"Saaty","year":"2015","journal-title":"Criteira for Evaluating Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Methods. Int. J. Inf. Technol. Decis. Mak."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Bi, J., and Bennett, K.P. (2003, January 23\u201324). Regression Error Characteristic Curves. Proceedings of the Twentieth International Conference on Machine Learning 2003, (ICML-2003), Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Oliveira, S.M.C. (2012). Incid\u00eancia Espacial e Temporal da Instabilidade Geomorfol\u00f3gica na Bacia do Rio Grande da Pipa (Arruda dos Vinhos). [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade de Lisboa]."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Klimchouk, A., Ford, D., Palmer, A., and Dreybrodt, W. (2000). Spleogenesis, Evolution of Karst Aquifers, National Speleological Society January."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Paiva, I.M.R. (2014). Hidrossistema C\u00e1rsico de Dregracias-Sic\u00f3. Estudo do Funcionamento Hidrodin\u00e2mico a Partir das Suas Respostas Naturais. [Ph.D. Thesis, Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Coimbra]."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s13146-014-0189-2","article-title":"Using GIS to evaluate degree of karstification according to some important factors in carbonate rocks in Iran","volume":"29","author":"Seif","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carbonate Evaporites"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.5038\/1827-806X.50.2.2376","article-title":"Multi-criteria analysis for mapping susceptibility to iron formation caves development in the Gandarela mountain range (MG), southeast Brazil","volume":"50","author":"Nola","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Speleol."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"73","article-title":"The Use of AHP within GIS in Selecting Potential Sites for Water Harvesting Sites in the Azraq Basin\u2014Jordan","volume":"8","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"29","article-title":"Formaliza\u00e7\u00e3o da litostratigrafia do Jur\u00e1ssico Inferior e M\u00e9dio do Maci\u00e7o Calc\u00e1rio Estremenho (Bacia Lusit\u00e2nica)","volume":"94","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comun. Geol\u00f3gicas"},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Salomon, J.N. (2000). Pr\u00e9cis de Krastologie, Presses Universitaries de Bourdeaux."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Figueiredo, R.F. (2001). Modela\u00e7\u00e3o Cartogr\u00e1fica em Ambiente SIG Para Apoio \u00e0 Decis\u00e3o: Aplica\u00e7\u00e3o ao Estudo da Afecta\u00e7\u00e3o Potencial de Usos do Solo no Sector Norte do Maci\u00e7o Marginal de Coimbra. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Coimbra]."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"33","article-title":"Application de la M\u00e9thode de l\u2019Analyse Multicrit\u00e8re Hi\u00e9rarchique \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tude des glissements de terrain dans la r\u00e9gion littorale du centre du Portugal: Figueira da Foz\u2014Nazar\u00e9","volume":"38","author":"Ramos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geo-Eco-Trop Li\u00e8ge"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1017\/S0376892997000088","article-title":"A review of methods for the assessment of prediction errors in conservation presence\/absence models","volume":"24","author":"Fielding","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2014.09.067","article-title":"The Assessment of Machine Learning Model Performance for Predicting Alluvial Deposits Distribution","volume":"36","author":"Bennett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-2217(90)90057-I","article-title":"How to make a decision: The analytic hierarchy process","volume":"48","author":"Saaty","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1360(199711)6:6<340::AID-MCDA170>3.0.CO;2-7","article-title":"The Issue is Understanding the Weights","volume":"6","author":"Salo","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Multi-Criteria Decis. Anal."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"Goepel, K. (2018). AHP Excel Template with Multiple Inputs 2018, Version AHPcalc-v2018-09-15, Business Performance Management Singapore. Available online: https:\/\/bpmsg.com\/."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Shroder, J., and Frumkin, A. (2013). Biospeleogenesis. Treatise on Geomorphology, Academic Press. Karst Geomorphology."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1029\/WR006i004p01175","article-title":"Lithologic controls on the development of solution porosity in carbonate aquifers","volume":"6","author":"Rauch","year":"1970","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1177\/030913338100500204","article-title":"Origin and development of limestone caves","volume":"5","author":"Waltham","year":"1981","journal-title":"Prog. Phys. Geogr. Earth Environ."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"45","article-title":"Diagenesis 9, Limestones\u2014The Meteoric Diagenetic Environment","volume":"4","author":"James","year":"1984","journal-title":"Carbonate Sedimentol. Petrol."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Manupella, G., Telles, A.M., Costa, C.A., Azer\u00eado, A.C., Barbosa, B., Cardoso, J.L., Crispim, J.A., Duarte, L.V., Henriques, M.H., and Martins, L.T. (2000). Not\u00edcia Explicativa da Folha 27-A Vila Nova de Our\u00e9m, Departamento de Geologia, Instituto Geol\u00f3gico e Mineiro."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ham, W.E. (1962). Classification of Carbonate Rocks, American Association of Petroleum Geologists.","DOI":"10.1306\/M1357"},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"Cunha, L. (1988). As Serras Calc\u00e1rias de Condeixa-Sic\u00f3-Alvai\u00e1zere. Estudo de Geomorfologia. [Ph.D. Thesis, Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Coimbra]."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"201","article-title":"Field observations of limestone weathering and erosion in the Malham District, North Yorkshire","volume":"6","author":"Trudgill","year":"1985","journal-title":"Filed Stud."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1023\/B:NHAZ.0000007172.62651.2b","article-title":"Validation of Spatial Prediction Models for Landslide Hazard Mapping","volume":"30","author":"Ghung","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2005.06.002","article-title":"Probabilistic landslide hazard assessment at the basin scale","volume":"72","author":"Guzzetti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geomorphology"}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/15\/21\/15599\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:16:39Z","timestamp":1760130999000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/15\/21\/15599"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["su152115599"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su152115599","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2071-1050"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]]}}}