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final processing. The functional unit is a particleboard with the dimensions of 220 \u00d7 220 \u00d7 16 mm3. For the life cycle inventory, experimental data obtained from the production of particleboard on a pilot scale were used. The Aspen Plus V9 software was used to simulate the heating process in the manufacture of the biological adhesive and obtain the data associated with this stage. Portuguese or European conditions were considered for the background processes, using data from the EcoInvent V3.5 LCI database. The environmental impacts were quantified using the RECIPE methodology. To complement the study, the VOCs present in the panel were analyzed using the \u201cactive headspace\u201d technique. The results show that for most of the environmental impact categories, energy consumption is dominant, followed by starch and chitosan production. Using fully renewable electricity produced in photovoltaic panels, instead of the Portuguese electricity mix, significantly reduces the impacts in most of the environmental impact categories, for example, the carbon footprint is reduced by 34%. Future studies will analyze how the environmental impacts can be further reduced, and how process scale-up may influence them.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su152316179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T12:12:13Z","timestamp":1700568733000},"page":"16179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Life Cycle Analysis of a Particleboard Based on Cardoon and Starch\/Chitosan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8696-8925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa Margarida","family":"Mata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LAETA-INEGI, Associated Laboratory for Energy and Aeronautics, Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIETI\u2014Center for Innovation in Engineering and Industrial Technology, Polytechnic of Porto (IPP), School of Engineering (ISEP), 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2589-5915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela Ventura","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAETA-INEGI, Associated Laboratory for Energy and Aeronautics, Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1056-2029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ARCP\u2014Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Rede de Compet\u00eancia em Pol\u00edmeros, 4200-355 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jorge Manuel","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ARCP\u2014Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Rede de Compet\u00eancia em Pol\u00edmeros, 4200-355 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"DEMad\u2014Departamento de Engenharia de Madeiras, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viseu (IPV), 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4557-7113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00edsa Hora","family":"de Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ARCP\u2014Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Rede de Compet\u00eancia em Pol\u00edmeros, 4200-355 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"DEMad\u2014Departamento de Engenharia de Madeiras, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viseu (IPV), 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9838-9541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds Manuel","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIETI\u2014Center for Innovation in Engineering and Industrial Technology, Polytechnic of Porto (IPP), School of Engineering (ISEP), 4249-015 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio Areosa","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, ALICE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Leurent, H., and Abbosh, O. 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