{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T02:30:48Z","timestamp":1773801048229,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]],"date-time":"2024-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Global Platform of Syrian Students and financed by FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Global Platform of Syrian Students and financed by FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/04047\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04047\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"MCTES through national 406 funds (PIDDAC) under the R&amp;D Centre for Territory, Environment and Construction (CTAC)","award":["SFRH\/BD\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/2018"]}]},{"name":"MCTES through national 406 funds (PIDDAC) under the R&amp;D Centre for Territory, Environment and Construction (CTAC)","award":["UID\/04047\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04047\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Landscapes, Heritage and Territory Laboratory (Lab2PT) 408 Center of Design and Technology (DeTech)","award":["SFRH\/BD\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/2018"]}]},{"name":"Landscapes, Heritage and Territory Laboratory (Lab2PT) 408 Center of Design and Technology (DeTech)","award":["UID\/04047\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04047\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This research aims to explore the use of vegetation and nets to collect water from fog on facades to meet the needs of buildings\u2019 functional requirements, particularly outdoor thermal comfort, water demands, and encouraging sustainability by suggesting a new architectural green\u2013blue wall system. The system is posited to be applicable within an urban context, given its minimal spatial requirements and adaptability to existing structures. However, similar challenges to those encountered by green walls are anticipated, wherein the provision of sustainable benefits is offset by the demands of maintenance and associated additional costs. For this reason, this paper is mainly divided into two parts: in the first part, green facades are explained, referring to their effect on urban environment, including thermal comfort, pollution absorption, noise pollution, and well-being, as well as types of plants to apply on green walls; the second part focuses on the fog collector as an irrigation system for green walls, analyzing its components, structure, and fabric, to identify its development margins in the construction industry. Fog harvesting initiatives predominantly focus on rural regions to cater to agricultural demands; however, limiting fog harvesting to agricultural settings is considered insufficient, as it represents a crucial solution for addressing water challenges in specific urban environments. Nevertheless, it is worth investigating the fog collector\u2019s potential for integrating water supply in urban environments as well. The study focuses on exploring the environmental benefits of fog harvesting and green walls, particularly through their combined implementation. The proposed review is significant for guiding the integration of a device into green facades, ensuring water self-sufficiency while concurrently addressing air purification, noise reduction, and thermal comfort for pedestrians and urban inhabitants. Nevertheless, it is worth investigating the fog collector\u2019s potential for integrating water supply in urban environments as well. The proposed review is, therefore, useful for integrating a device represented by the fog harvesting system, also identified in the text as the blue system, into the design of green facades, identified in the text as the green system, integrating the blue element in the design of the green wall to make them water self-sufficient and at the same time purifying the air, reducing noise pollution, or giving thermal comfort to pedestrians and inhabitants of the urban context.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su16020792","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]],"date-time":"2024-01-17T07:41:28Z","timestamp":1705477288000},"page":"792","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Nature-Inspired Green\u2013Blue Solution: Incorporating a Fog Harvesting Technique into Urban Green Wall Design"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4915-7581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lujain","family":"Hadba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab2PT (The Landscapes, Heritage and Territory Laboratory), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Bitonto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture, Built Environment and Construction Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CTAC (Centre for Territory, Environment and Construction), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Mendon\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab2PT (The Landscapes, Heritage and Territory Laboratory), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Zanelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture, Built Environment and Construction Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0199-8664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ligia","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CTAC (Centre for Territory, Environment and Construction), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1579\/0044-7447-34.3.230","article-title":"Geospatial Indicators of Emerging Water Stress: An Application to Africa","volume":"34","author":"Douglas","year":"2005","journal-title":"AMBIO A J. 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