{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:13:05Z","timestamp":1773274385235,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]],"date-time":"2024-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ph.D. fellowship from FCT\u2014Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["2022.10641.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.10641.BD"]}]},{"name":"Ph.D. fellowship from FCT\u2014Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/04107\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04107\/2020"]}]},{"name":"National Funds through FCT\u2014Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, I.P., under the scope of UIDEF\u2014Unidade de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento em Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e Forma\u00e7\u00e3o","award":["2022.10641.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.10641.BD"]}]},{"name":"National Funds through FCT\u2014Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, I.P., under the scope of UIDEF\u2014Unidade de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento em Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e Forma\u00e7\u00e3o","award":["UIDB\/04107\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04107\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Following a design-based research methodology, this investigation develops a pedagogical model to foster ocean citizenship through the application of a design cycle consisting of four phases: (1) preliminary research, (2) planning, (3) action and (4) evaluation. This article presents the results of phases 1 and 2, which define the conceptual foundation of the pedagogical model, and the planning of actions for its implementation in the school environment. The conceptual foundation was established by drawing upon the theoretical principles of a systemic\/complex approach to education, along with theoretical-methodological elements compiled from the literature in the field of ocean literacy and ocean citizenship. During the planning phase, six educational activities were defined, to be conducted as part of a citizen science project to monitor the coastal zone. This model was developed with the objective of going beyond theoretical concepts, to offer schools a practical and objective guide for fostering ocean citizenship in basic education.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su16030967","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]],"date-time":"2024-01-23T08:28:28Z","timestamp":1705998508000},"page":"967","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Design of a Pedagogical Model to Foster Ocean Citizenship in Basic Education"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2569-905X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline","family":"Schio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9549-2516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8009(99)00079-8","article-title":"The ecological, economic, and social importance of the Oceans","volume":"31","author":"Costanza","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"UNEP\u2014United Nations Environment Programme (2023, September 20). Blue Economy Concept Paper. Available online: https:\/\/sustainabledevelopment.un.org\/content\/documents\/2978BEconcept.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oneear.2019.10.012","article-title":"A roadmap for using the UN decade of ocean science for sustainable development in support of science, policy, and action","volume":"2","author":"Claudet","year":"2020","journal-title":"One Earth"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"World Bank Group (2023, June 12). What is The Blue Economy?. Available online: https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/infographic\/2017\/06\/06\/blue-economy."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"United Nations (2023, October 05). Life Below Water: Why It Matters. Available online: https:\/\/www.un.org\/sustainabledevelopment\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/14_Why-It-Matters-2020.pdf."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"European Commission (2020). The EU Blue Economy Report, Publications Office of the European Union."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"IOC, Ocean and Climate Platform (2024, January 22). Paris. Programme for the High-Level Scientific Conference: From COP21 towards the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021\u20132030), 10\u201311 September 2018, UNESCO Headquarters. Publ. 2018; 30 pp.; English only. (IOC Brochure 2018-9). Available online: https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000377082."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"UNESCO-IOC (2021). The United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021\u20132030) Implementation Plan, UNESCO."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Santoro, F., Santin, S., Scowcroft, G., Fauville, G., and Tuddenham, P. (2017). Ocean Literacy for All: A Toolkit, UNESCO."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1080\/08920750701525818","article-title":"Ocean citizenship: An emergent geographical concept","volume":"35","author":"Fletcher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Mckinley, E. (2010). A Critical Evaluation of the Application of Marine Citizenship in Sustainable Marine Management in the UK. [Ph.D. Thesis, School of Applied Sciences, Bournemouth University]."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2010.04.012","article-title":"Individual responsibility for the oceans? An evaluation of marine citizenship by UK marine practitioners","volume":"53","author":"Mckinley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ocean. Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2011.11.001","article-title":"Improving marine environmental health through marine citizenship: A call for debate","volume":"36","author":"Mckinley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mar. Policy"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"45","article-title":"Ocean citizenship. The time to adopt a useful concept for environmental teaching and citizenship education is now","volume":"2","author":"Squarcina","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Res. Didact. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buchan, P.M., Evans, L.S., Pieraccini, M., and Barr, S. (2023). Marine citizenship: The right to participate in the transformation of the human-ocean relationship for sustainability. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0280518"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X032001009","article-title":"Designing experiments in educational research","volume":"32","author":"Cobb","year":"2003","journal-title":"Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327809jls1301_1","article-title":"Design-based research: Putting a stake in the ground","volume":"13","author":"Barab","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Learn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"159","article-title":"Uniendo investigaci\u00f3n, pol\u00edtica y pr\u00e1ctica educativas: DBR, desaf\u00edos y oportunidades","volume":"7","year":"2014","journal-title":"Magis Rev. Int. Investig. Educ."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"54","article-title":"Design-Based Research in Science Education: One Step Towards Methodology","volume":"4","author":"Juuti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nordina"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"77","article-title":"Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o baseada em design para compreender melhor as pr\u00e1ticas educativas","volume":"25","author":"Ponte","year":"2016","journal-title":"Quadrante"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Plomp, T., and Nieveen, N. (2013). Educational Design Research, Part A: An Introduction, SLO Netherlands Institute for Curriculum Development."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Coghlan, D., and Brannick, T. (2001). Doing Action Research in Your Own Organization, SAGE."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Mckenney, S. (2001). Computer-Based Support for Science Education Materials Developers in Africa: Exploring Potentials. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Twente]."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Wademan, M. (2005). Utilizing Development Research to Guide People Capability Maturity Model Adoption Considerations. [Ph.D. Thesis, Syracuse University]."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van den Akker, J., Gravemeijer, K., McKenney, S., and Nieveen, N. (2006). Educational Design Research, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203088364"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Plomp, T., and Nieveen, N. (2013). Educational Design Research, Part A: An Introduction, Netherlands Institute for Curriculum Development (SLO)."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Fraefel, U. (2014). Professionalization of Pre-Service Teachers through University-School Partnerships Partner Schools for Professional Development: Development, Implementation and Evaluation of Cooperative Learning in Schools and Classes, WERA Focal Meeting."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"22","article-title":"Research on learning and teaching ocean and aquatic sciences","volume":"3","author":"Tran","year":"2010","journal-title":"NMEA"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2019.00360","article-title":"A System Dynamics Approach to Increasing Ocean Literacy","volume":"6","author":"Brennan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Morin, E. (2011). Os Sete Saberes Necess\u00e1rios \u00e0 Educa\u00e7\u00e3o do Futuro, UNESCO. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Esteves de Vasconcellos, M.J. (2002). Pensamento Sist\u00eamico: O Novo Paradigma da Ci\u00eancia, Papirus."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Maturana, H.R. (1999). Transformac\u00edon en la Convivencia, Dolmen Ediciones."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Maturana, H.R. (2009). Emo\u00e7\u00f5es e Linguagem na Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e na Pol\u00edtica, UFMG. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Alves, R. (2012). A Escola com que Sempre Sonhei sem Imaginar que Pudesse Existir, Papirus. [13th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Moraes, M.C. (2004). Pensamento Eco-Sist\u00eamico: Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, Aprendizagem e Cidadania no S\u00e9culo XXI, Vozes."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Maturana, H.R., and Varela, F.J. (2001). A \u00c1rvore do Conhecimento: As Bases Biol\u00f3gicas da Compreens\u00e3o Humana, Palas Athena."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Morin, E. (2011). A Cabe\u00e7a Bem-Feita: Repensar a Reforma, Reformar o Pensamento, Bertrand Brasil. [19th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Freire, P. (2001). Conscientiza\u00e7\u00e3o: Teoria e Pr\u00e1tica da Liberta\u00e7\u00e3o: Uma Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o ao Pensamento de Paulo Freire, Centauro."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"r1","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-03564-1504r01","article-title":"What is Social Learning?","volume":"15","author":"Reed","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Cury, A. (2019). Intelig\u00eancia Socioemocional: Ferramentas para Pais Inspiradores e Professores Encantadores, Editora Sextante."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Freire, P. (2011). Extens\u00e3o ou Comunica\u00e7\u00e3o?, Paz e Terra. [15th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Santos, C.C., and Costa-Pinto, A.B. (2005). Pot\u00eancia de a\u00e7\u00e3o, Encontros e Caminhos: Forma\u00e7\u00e3o de Educadoras (Es) Ambientais e Coletivos Educadores."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2022.114467","article-title":"The evolution of ocean literacy: A new framework for the United Nations Ocean Decade and beyond","volume":"186","author":"McKinley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2017.06.069","article-title":"Educating for the marine environment: Challenges for schools and scientists","volume":"124","author":"Gough","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mokos, M., Realdon, G., and Ci\u017emek, I.Z. (2020). How to Increase Ocean Literacy for Future Ocean Sustainability? The Influence of Non-Formal Marine Science Education. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su122410647"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1080\/09500693.2017.1365184","article-title":"Questions as indicators of ocean literacy: Students\u2019 online asynchronous discussion with a marine scientist","volume":"39","author":"Fauville","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Educ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koutsopoulos, K.C., and Stel, J.H. (2021). Ocean Literacy: Understanding the Ocean, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-70155-0"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2020.104312","article-title":"Insights and recommendations for involving young people in decision making for the marine environment","volume":"124","author":"Devenport","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mar. Policy"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Disinger, J.F., and Roth, C.E. (1992). Environmental Literacy. ERIC\/CSMEE Digest."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1890\/ES13-00075.1","article-title":"Environmental literacy, ecological literacy, ecoliteracy: What do we mean and how did we get here?","volume":"4","author":"McBride","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"United Nations (2023, October 05). Our Ocean, Our Future: Call for Action. 2017, Date [New York]: UN, 14 July 2017. Available online: https:\/\/digitallibrary.un.org\/record\/1290893#record-files-collapse-header."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"IOC-UNESCO (2021). Ocean Literacy Framework for the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development 2021\u20132030, UNESCO."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"UNESCO (2023, October 05). One Ocean Summit: UNESCO Calls on Countries to Include Ocean Education in School Curricula by 2025. Available online: https:\/\/www.unesco.org\/en\/articles\/one-ocean-summit-unesco-calls-countries-include-ocean-education-school-curricula-2025."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"NOAA (2023, October 07). The Essential Principles and Fundamental Concepts for Learners of All Ages. Available online: https:\/\/static1.squarespace.com\/static\/5b4cecfde2ccd188cfed8026\/t\/6101cb7536e2ed6426ba15b6\/1627507591681\/OceanLiteracyGuide_V3_2020.pdf."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2017.10.022","article-title":"Bibliometric analysis of ocean literacy: An underrated term in the scientific Literature","volume":"87","author":"Costa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Policy"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Halversen, C., Schoedinger, S., and Payne, D. (2021). A Handbook for Increasing Ocean Literacy: Tools for Educators and Ocean Literacy Advocates, National Marine Educators Association."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"IOC-UNESCO (2022). A New Blue Curriculum\u2014A Toolkit for Policy-Makers, UNESCO. IOC Manuals and Guides, 90."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648492","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2021.648492","article-title":"Mapping Global Research on Ocean Literacy: Implications for Science, Policy, and the Blue Economy","volume":"8","author":"Mokos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salazar-Sep\u00falveda, G., Vega-Mu\u00f1oz, A., Contreras-Barraza, N., Castillo, D., Torres-Alcayaga, M., and Cornejo-Orellana, C. (2023). Bibliometric Analysis on Ocean Literacy Studies for Marine Conservation. Water, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/w15112095"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-3780(98)00022-3","article-title":"Citizen 2000: Development of a model of environmental citizenship","volume":"9","author":"Hawthorne","year":"1999","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2019.104855","article-title":"Citizen science and social licence: Improving perceptions and connecting marine user groups","volume":"178","author":"Kelly","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocean. Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-10704-240116","article-title":"Social license through citizen science: A tool for marine conservation","volume":"24","author":"Kelly","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20190461","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2019.0461","article-title":"Citizen science and marine conservation: A global review","volume":"375","author":"Kelly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mueller, M.P., and Tippins, D.J. (2015). EcoJustice, Citizen Science and Youth Activism. Situated Tensions for Science Education, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-11608-2"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hadjichambis, A.C., Reis, P., Paraskeva-Hadjichambi, D., \u010cincera, J., Pauw, J.B.-D., Gericke, N., and Knippels, M.-C. (2020). Conceptualizing Environmental Citizenship for 21st Century Education, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-20249-1"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2015.04.007","article-title":"Youth and the sea: Ocean literacy in Nova Scotia, Canada","volume":"58","author":"Guest","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Policy"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1080\/13504622.2015.1054266","article-title":"Marine environmental awareness among university students in Taiwan: A potential signal for sustainability of the oceans","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1177\/0013916516649412","article-title":"Can Beach Cleans Do More Than Clean-Up Litter? Comparing Beach Cleans to Other Coastal Activities","volume":"49","author":"Wyles","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2018.07.036","article-title":"Towards cleaner shores: Assessing the Great Canadian Shoreline Cleanup\u2019s most recent data on volunteer engagement and litter removal along the coast of British Columbia, Canada","volume":"135","author":"Konecny","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2019.00340","article-title":"Exploring Our Oceans: Using the Global Classroom to Develop Ocean Literacy","volume":"6","author":"Fielding","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2013.07.004","article-title":"Public perceptions of the UK marine environment","volume":"43","author":"Jefferson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Policy"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baldrighi, E., Muzlovic, P., Annibaldi, A., Penna, A., Manini, E., Rosetti, E., Renzoni, E.E., Grilli, F., Giacomini, G., and Kristovic, I. (2022). ADSWIM and WATERCARE Projects Meet Kids and Youth: The Challenge of Bringing the World of Research to School to Merge Research, Education and Communication. Water, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/w14121843"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-021-10651-8","article-title":"A systematic evaluation of game elements effects on students\u2019 motivation","volume":"27","author":"Leitao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s11160-021-09669-5","article-title":"Oceans and society: Feedbacks between ocean and human health","volume":"32","author":"Nash","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Fish Biol. Fish."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2023.105732","article-title":"University-driven coastal partnerships to address ghost gear pollution: A case study in Penghu Islands of Taiwan","volume":"155","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mar. Policy"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hadjichambis, A.C., Reis, P., Paraskeva-Hadjichambi, D., \u010cincera, J., Pauw, J.B.-D., Gericke, N., and Knippels, M.-C. (2020). Conceptualizing Environmental Citizenship for 21st Century Education, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-20249-1"},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"UNESCO (2020). Education for Sustainable Development: A Roadmap, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"UNESCO (2023, January 17). Sustainable Development Begins with Education: How Education Can Contribute to the Proposed Post-2015 Goals; ED.2014\/WS\/32 REV. Available online: https:\/\/sdgs.un.org\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/2275sdbeginswitheducation.pdf."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"UNESCO (2018). Global Education Monitoring Report 2019: Migration, Displacement and Education\u2014Building Bridges, Not Walls, UNESCO."}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/16\/3\/967\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:47:49Z","timestamp":1760104069000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/16\/3\/967"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["su16030967"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su16030967","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2071-1050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]]}}}