{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T05:25:06Z","timestamp":1773725106990,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,27]],"date-time":"2024-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50021\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50021\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper introduces a genetic algorithm designed to optimize the sizing of a hybrid solar\u2013wind microgrid connected to the main electric grid in Chile, serving a simulated town of 2000 houses. The goal is to promote sustainable development by using renewable energy sources (RES) to supply a small village. The model, considering local meteorological conditions, aggregated load, and Chilean electrical regulations, establishes the optimal number of photovoltaic modules and wind turbine generators and allows for the monitoring of the microgrid\u2019s operation, whose operating strategy is proposed herein. Adhering to Chilean regulations, a maximum exporting power of 9 MW is analyzed, with no restrictions on importing power, which is needed when the renewable resources are not enough to meet the demand. The optimization algorithm, aimed at sizing the RES supply, identified an optimal solution composed of 5 photovoltaic modules of 500 Wp each (2.5 kWp in total) and 123 wind turbines of 100 kW each (total of 12,300 kW), meeting around 85% of the demand through renewable generation. Due to time mismatches between generation and load patterns, the remaining energy was imported. The project\u2019s net present value is approximately EUR 25 M, with a levelized cost of energy at 37 EUR\/MWh. A comparison with HOMER grid simulations validates the efficacy of the developed model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su16093668","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]],"date-time":"2024-04-29T10:33:36Z","timestamp":1714386816000},"page":"3668","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Optimization of a Hybrid Solar\u2013Wind Microgrid for Sustainable Development: A Case Study in Antofagasta, Chile"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Carlos","family":"Merino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3108-8880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC-ID\/IST, University of Lisbon, Rua Alves Redol, 9, 1000-029 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tej.2012.09.013","article-title":"The U.S. Department of Energy\u2019s Microgrid Initiative","volume":"25","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Electr. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.03.040","article-title":"Microgrids: A review of technologies, key drivers, and outstanding issues","volume":"90","author":"Hirsch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. 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