{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T10:31:19Z","timestamp":1773397879463,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UI\/BD\/153087\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI\/BD\/153087\/2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Agroecology integrates science, social movements, and agricultural practices, playing a central role in the sustainability of food systems. It addresses agroecosystems and food systems holistically; however, defining whether a farm is agroecological remains a challenge. This article proposes a methodology to measure farms\u2019 agroecological performance, adapted to the family farming context in Portugal. The aim of the developed methodology is to compare the agroecological performance of family farms (conventional and non-conventional), providing information about anchors for agroecological transition and supporting public policies. A literature review identified existing farm evaluation methodologies, with Tool for Agroecological Performance Evaluation (TAPE) and Agroecology Criteria Tool (ACT) scoring highest in an assessment process. Questions from both were integrated into a questionnaire for family farmers. This field work provided critical insights towards the methodologies: (1) territorial adaptability; (2) transition constraints\u2019 origin; and (3) use of non-academic language. The results were incorporated into the developed methodology, which combines the TAPE indicator matrix and Gliessman\u2019s five levels of food system change, the latter of which provides the framework for the ACT. This study made it possible to identify the most relevant aspects for characterizing family farmers\/farms and the importance of how the evaluation criteria\/indicators are ordered by element\/theme, as it alters the values of each farm\u2019s agroecological performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su16103955","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T05:16:45Z","timestamp":1715231805000},"page":"3955","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A Methodological Framework for Assessing the Agroecological Performance of Farms in Portugal: Integrating TAPE and ACT Approaches"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8323-6435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Costa-Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IPV-ESA-Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Agrarian School, Quinta da Alagoa Estrada de Nelas, 3500-606 Viseu, Portugal"},{"name":"CERNAS-IPV-Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Polytechnic Campus, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5606-5060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana A. R. M.","family":"Aguiar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GreenUPorto\u2014Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre\/Inov4Agro, DGAOT, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de Vair\u00e3o, University of Porto, Rua da Agr\u00e1ria 747, 4485-646 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1238-9386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda","family":"Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPCB-ESA-Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, Agrarian School, Quinta da Senhora de M\u00e9rcules, Apartado 119, 6001-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal"},{"name":"CERNAS-IPCB-Research Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society, Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, 6001-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8625-2206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina A.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPV-ESA-Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Agrarian School, Quinta da Alagoa Estrada de Nelas, 3500-606 Viseu, Portugal"},{"name":"CERNAS-IPV-Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Polytechnic Campus, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tudi, M., Ruan, H.D., Wang, L., Lyu, J., Sadler, R., Connell, D., Chu, C., and Phung, D.T. (2021). Agriculture Development, Pesticide Application and Its Impact on the Environment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18031112"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosust.2020.08.012","article-title":"Insect decline, an emerging global environmental risk","volume":"46","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11039","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1305618110","article-title":"Pesticides reduce regional biodiversity of stream invertebrates","volume":"110","author":"Beketov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.12111","article-title":"An overview of the environmental risks posed by neonicotinoid insecticides","volume":"50","author":"Goulson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.baae.2009.12.001","article-title":"Persistent negative effects of pesticides on biodiversity and biological control potential on European farmland","volume":"11","author":"Geiger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Basic Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5325.504","article-title":"Agricultural Intensification and Ecosystem Properties","volume":"277","author":"Matson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2016-209665","article-title":"Occupational exposure to pesticides are associated with fixed airflow obstruction in middle-age","volume":"72","author":"Alif","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Damalas, C.A., and Koutroubas, S.D. (2016). Farmers\u2019 Exposure to Pesticides: Toxicity Types and Ways of Prevention. Toxics, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics4010001"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1964","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)61085-6","article-title":"Effects of decreases of animal pollinators on human nutrition and global health: A modelling analysis","volume":"386","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13959","article-title":"Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health","volume":"515","author":"Tilman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2022.106053","article-title":"Effects of land abandonment on nature contributions to people and good quality of life components in the Mediterranean region: A review","volume":"116","author":"Buerkert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"554","article-title":"An assessment of the causes and consequences of agricultural land abandonment in Europe","volume":"24","author":"Mandel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Dev. World Ecol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2015.06.009","article-title":"Farmland abandonment in Europe: Identification of drivers and indicators, and development of a composite indicator of risk","volume":"49","author":"Terres","year":"2015","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s13593-020-00646-z","article-title":"Agroecological principles and elements and their implications for transitioning to sustainable food systems","volume":"40","author":"Wezel","year":"2020","journal-title":"A review. Agron. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"116","article-title":"Defining agroecology: Exploring the circulation of knowledge in FAO\u2019s Global Dialogue","volume":"25","author":"Loconto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Sociol. Agric. Food"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teixeira, H.M., Van den Berg, L., Cardoso, I.M., Vermue, A.J., Bianchi, F.J.J.A., Pe\u00f1a-Claros, M., and Tittonell, P. (2018). Understanding Farm Diversity to Promote Agroecological Transitions. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10124337"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"204","article-title":"Agroecology: Challenges and opportunities for farming in the Anthropocene","volume":"47","author":"Altieri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Agric. Nat. Resour."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"27","article-title":"A food politics of the possible? Growing sustainable food systems through networks of knowledge","volume":"33","author":"Sonnino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agric. Hum. Values"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1051\/agro\/2009004","article-title":"Agroecology as a science, a movement and a practice. A review","volume":"29","author":"Wezel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Agron. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00e9ndez, V.E., Caswell, M., Gliessman, S.R., and Cohen, R. (2017). Integrating Agroecology and Participatory Action Research (PAR): Lessons from Central America. Sustainability, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/su9050705"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"010","article-title":"Agroecology: Principles for the Conversion and Redesign of Farming Systems","volume":"S5","author":"Nicholls","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ecosys. Ecograph."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13593-013-0180-7","article-title":"Agroecological practices for sustainable agriculture. A review","volume":"34","author":"Wezel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agron. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gliessman, S.R. (2015). Agroecology: The Ecology of Sustainable Food Systems, CRC Press\/Taylor and Francis. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/b17881"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Viegas, M. (2022). Constru\u00e7\u00e3o de um \u00edndice sint\u00e9tico aplicado \u00e0 agricultura familiar no continente portugu\u00eas. Rev. Voz Campo, novembro."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"FAO, and IFAD (2022, November 30). The Future of Family Farming in the Context of the 2030. Available online: https:\/\/www.ifad.org\/documents\/38714174\/41167968\/UNDFF+Background_Document.pdf\/f8a7ed38-996b-96a8-9ab4-5c53ab0779f2."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Garner, E., and De la O Campos, A.P. (2014). ESA Working Paper, FAO. No. 14-10."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Aguiar, A., Parente, C., Costa, D., Correia, H.E., Guin\u00e9, R., Correia, E., and Chaves, C. (2020). Pontes Entre Agricultura Familiar e Agricultura Biol\u00f3gica, Centro de Estudos Ib\u00e9ricos, Cole\u00e7\u00e3o Iberiografias No. 37. Agricultura Familiar no Norte e Centro de Portugal: Pr\u00e1ticas de Agricultura Sustent\u00e1vel in Costa, C.A. (Coord)."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"164","article-title":"Agricultura familiar e prote\u00e7\u00e3o das culturas: Abordagens tradicionais e proximidade com pr\u00e1ticas de agricultura biol\u00f3gica","volume":"41","author":"Correia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Ci\u00eancias Agr\u00e1rias"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1080\/03650340.2021.1946040","article-title":"Comparing Productivity of Organic and Conventional Farming Systems: A Quantitative Review","volume":"68","author":"Alvarez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Agron. Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"352","article-title":"Agroecology or modern conventional agriculture? Positionings of Argentine rural extension workers","volume":"46","author":"Landini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Mod. Cult."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-11774-250325","article-title":"Main challenges and key features of indicator-based agroecological assessment frameworks in the context of international cooperation","volume":"25","author":"Wiget","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2016.01.047","article-title":"Assessing sustainability at farm-level: Lessons learned from a comparison of tools in practice","volume":"66","author":"Oudshoorn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.02.055","article-title":"Deconstructing criteria and assessment tools to build agri-sustainability indicators and support farmers\u2019 decision-making process","volume":"182","author":"Bonisoli","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"29","article-title":"Assessing the agroecological status of a farm: A principle-based assessment tool for farmers","volume":"48","author":"Nicholls","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain. Agric."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eiar.2009.06.002","article-title":"Considering the normative, systemic and procedural dimensions in indicator-based sustainability assessments in agriculture","volume":"30","author":"Binder","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Impact Assess. Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-58679-3_5","article-title":"Comparison of Methods to Assess Agricultural Sustainability","volume":"25","author":"Talukder","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sustain. Agric. Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/21683565.2015.1130765","article-title":"Transforming food systems with agroecology","volume":"40","author":"Gliessman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Agroecol. Sustain. Food Syst."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Colbert, E. (2020). The Role of Demonstration Farms in Agroecological Transitions: Nexus for Scaling up and Scaling out Agroecology. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU) & Institut Superior d\u2019Agriculture Rh\u00f4ne-Alpes (ISARA)]. Available online: https:\/\/nmbu.brage.unit.no\/nmbu-xmlui\/bitstream\/handle\/11250\/2724492\/Edd%20Colbert_MSc%20Thesis_2020_NMBU.pdf?sequence=3."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Achterberg, E., and Quiroz, D. (2021). Development Aid Funds for Agroecology Support for Agroecology of Dutch ODA Spending, Profundo. Available online: https:\/\/www.bothends.org\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2022, October 03). Available online: https:\/\/www.agroecology-pool.org\/methodology\/."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Burns, S., Dittmer, K.M., Shelton, S.W., and Wollenberg, E.K. (2022). Exemplary Features of Digital Tools for Agroecology? A Global Review, Alliance of Bioversity and CIAT. Available online: https:\/\/cgspace.cgiar.org\/bitstream\/handle\/10568\/126016\/ATDT%20Digital%20Tool%20Review_Agroecology%20Brief_Dec2022.pdf?sequence=1."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"(2022, October 03). Available online: https:\/\/www.agroecology-pool.org\/fact\/."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1002\/sd.380","article-title":"Assessing Farm Sustainability with the IDEA Method\u2014From the Concept of Agriculture Sustainability to Case Studies on Farms","volume":"16","author":"Zahm","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.123797","article-title":"Development and validation of an index to measure agricultural sustainability","volume":"280","author":"Valizadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-06876-190346","article-title":"Key characteristics for tool choice in indicator-based sustainability assessment at farm level","volume":"19","author":"Marchand","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-015-5680-3","article-title":"How to measure the agroecological performance of farming in order to assist with the transition process","volume":"23","author":"Trabelsi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, J., Liu, C., Xie, J., Han, L., Zhang, C., Guo, D., Niu, J., Jin, H., and McConkey, B.G. (2022). Life Cycle Assessment on Agricultural Production: A Mini Review on Methodology, Application, and Challenges. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19169817"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-020-0489-6","article-title":"Towards better representation of organic agriculture in life cycle assessment","volume":"3","author":"Knudsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eist.2011.02.002","article-title":"The multi-level perspective on sustainability transitions: Responses to seven criticisms","volume":"1","author":"Geels","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Innov. Soc. Transit."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-018-0290-0","article-title":"Transition heuristic frameworks in research on agro-food sustainability transitions","volume":"22","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Dev. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Bilali, H. (2019). The Multi-Level Perspective in Research on Sustainability Transitions in Agriculture and Food Systems: A Systematic Review. Agriculture, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture9040074"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrurstud.2021.02.003","article-title":"Building agroecology with people. Challenges of participatory methods to deepen on the agroecological transition in different contexts","volume":"83","author":"Olival","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Rural. Stud."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.129228","article-title":"Transition to agri-food sustainability, assessing accelerators and triggers for transformation: Case study in Valencia, Spain","volume":"325","author":"Sarabia","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"33","article-title":"Methodologies for assessing sustainability in farming systems","volume":"3","author":"Cruz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sustain. Assess. Report."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-160X(02)00043-2","article-title":"Evaluating the sustainability of complex socio-environmental systems. The MESMIS framework","volume":"2","author":"Masera","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"(1999). RISE (Response-Inducing Sustainability Evaluation), Bern University. Available online: https:\/\/www.bfh.ch\/hafl\/en\/research\/reference-projects\/rise\/."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agsy.2016.05.003","article-title":"The Rural Household Multi-Indicator Survey (RHoMIS) for rapid characterisation of households to inform climate smart agriculture interventions: Description and applications in East Africa and Central America","volume":"151","author":"Hammond","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agric. Syst."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753310","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2022.753310","article-title":"Which Innovative Cropping System for Which Farmer? Supporting Farmers\u2019 Choices Through Collective Activities","volume":"6","author":"Scopel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Sustain. Food Syst."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1017\/S0014479718000388","article-title":"Making the most of imperfect data: A critical evaluation of standard information collected in farm household surveys","volume":"55","author":"Fraval","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Agric."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agsy.2019.102657","article-title":"Household-level drivers of dietary diversity in transitioning agricultural systems: Evidence from the Greater Mekong Subregion","volume":"176","author":"Ritzema","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agric. Syst."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"(2022, October 04). Available online: https:\/\/www.rhomis.org\/."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"00022","DOI":"10.1525\/elementa.2022.00022","article-title":"Grounding a global tool-Principles and practice for agroecological assessments inspired by TAPE","volume":"10","author":"Namirembe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Elem. Sci. Anthr."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Anthonioz, A. (2021). The Suitability of the \u201cTool for Agroecological Performance Evaluation\u201d (TAPE) in a European Context. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Norwegian University of Life Sciences & ISARA]. Available online: https:\/\/www.agroscope.admin.ch\/dam\/agroscope\/de\/dokumente\/aktuell\/Veranstaltungen\/a-nachhaltigkeitstagung\/2022\/01-mottet.pdf.download.pdf\/01_NHT_2022_Anne_Mottet_26012022%20light_update.pdf."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579154","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2020.579154","article-title":"Assessing Transitions to Sustainable Agricultural and Food Systems: A Tool for Agroecology Performance Evaluation (TAPE)","volume":"4","author":"Mottet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Sustain. Food Syst."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"(2022, October 04). Available online: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/agroecology\/tools-tape\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"(2022, October 03). Available online: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/nr\/sustainability\/sustainability-assessments-safa\/safa-tool\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Rebelo, J., and Vaz Caldas, J. (2012). Support for Farmers\u2019 Cooperatives, Wageningen UR. Available online: https:\/\/edepot.wur.nl\/244811."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1515\/opag-2018-0041","article-title":"Compliance of Agricultural Practices Used in Family Farms with Those Recommended in Organic Farming","volume":"3","author":"Costa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Agric."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Coelho, C. (2024). A Transi\u00e7\u00e3o da Agricultura Familiar para Sistemas de Produ\u00e7\u00e3o Mais Sustent\u00e1veis na Regi\u00e3o Norte de Portugal. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo]."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"INE (2021). Recenseamento Agr\u00edcola. An\u00e1lise dos Principais Resultados: 2019, INE. Available online: https:\/\/www.ine.pt\/xurl\/pub\/437178558."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marino, D., Curcio, F., Felici, F.B., and Mazzocchi, G. (2024). Toward Evidence Based Local Food Policy: An Agroecological Assessment of Urban Agriculture in Rome. Land, 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202311.0974.v1"},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Steglich, M., Beutler, T., Kativu, S.N., Favi, S.G., Kawira, C., Grasi, C., Maalim, A.A., Kallee, D., Osho-Abdulgafar, N.F., and Kasali, O.I. (2020). Agroecology and Rural Development: Acting in the Global North\u2014With and for the Global South, Centre for Rural Development."}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/16\/10\/3955\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:42:31Z","timestamp":1760107351000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/16\/10\/3955"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["su16103955"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su16103955","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2071-1050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]]}}}