{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T13:54:03Z","timestamp":1775742843030,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]],"date-time":"2024-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pretreatment is an essential step for breaking the recalcitrant structure of lignocellulosic biomass and allowing conversion to high-value-added chemicals. In this study, coconut fiber was subjected to three pretreatment methods to compare their impacts on the biomass\u2019s structural characteristics and their efficiency in fractionating the biomass. This comparative approach was conducted to identify mild biomass pretreatment conditions that efficiently extract lignin and recover cellulose-rich pulp for the production of bioproducts. To this end, autohydrolysis, alkaline, and organosolv pretreatments were performed under different experimental conditions, and the physicochemical properties of the samples were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and chemical characterization of the cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin fractions. Therefore, efficient experimental conditions were identified to pretreat coconut fibers with an extended understanding of the methods to process lignocellulose. Great delignification efficiency and pulp yield were obtained with organosolv &gt; alkaline extraction &gt; autohydrolysis under the selected conditions of 2 h at 185 \u00b0C in the presence of a catalyst, namely, 0.5 M NaOH, for 2 h at 55 \u00b0C and 20 min at 195 \u00b0C, respectively. FT-IR revealed a predominance of hydroxyl groups in fibers obtained from alkaline and organosolv pretreatment, showing higher lignin degradation and cellulose concentration in these samples. TGA revealed mass loss curves with similar behaviors but different patterns and intensities, and MVE analysis showed differences on the surfaces of each sample. The comparison of experimental parameters allowed the identification of suitable conditions for each extraction method, and structural analyses identified the specific characteristics of the fibers that could be obtained according to the method used. Therefore, the results are of great importance for developing sustainable and effective industrial processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su16114784","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]],"date-time":"2024-06-04T07:39:49Z","timestamp":1717486789000},"page":"4784","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Comparative Study of Pretreatments on Coconut Fiber for Efficient Isolation of Lignocellulosic Fractions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Fabr\u00edcia","family":"Vieira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeastern Biotechnology Network, Federal University of Sergipe, S\u00e3o Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o 49100-000, SE, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4418-5487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hort\u00eancia E. P.","family":"Santana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeastern Biotechnology Network, Federal University of Sergipe, S\u00e3o Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o 49100-000, SE, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Sergipe, S\u00e3o Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o 49100-000, SE, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8625-978X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meirielly","family":"Jesus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CISAS\u2014Center for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5687-7114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Mata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CISAS\u2014Center for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2075-5913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Preciosa","family":"Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CISAS\u2014Center for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"},{"name":"ESTG\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gest\u00e3o, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, Av. do Atl\u00e2ntico, 4900-348 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4825-2058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Vaz-Velho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CISAS\u2014Center for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"},{"name":"ESTG\u2014Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gest\u00e3o, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, Av. do Atl\u00e2ntico, 4900-348 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2266-4428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Pereira","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeastern Biotechnology Network, Federal University of Sergipe, S\u00e3o Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o 49100-000, SE, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Sergipe, S\u00e3o Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o 49100-000, SE, Brazil"},{"name":"CISAS\u2014Center for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Exact Sciences and Technology, Federal University of Sergipe, S\u00e3o Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o 49100-000, SE, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Intellectual Property Science, Federal University of Sergipe, S\u00e3o Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o 49100-000, SE, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1550-6341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denise Santos","family":"Ruzene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeastern Biotechnology Network, Federal University of Sergipe, S\u00e3o Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o 49100-000, SE, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Sergipe, S\u00e3o Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o 49100-000, SE, Brazil"},{"name":"CISAS\u2014Center for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Exact Sciences and Technology, Federal University of Sergipe, S\u00e3o Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o 49100-000, SE, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.3934\/energy.2019.2.165","article-title":"A Review on the Conversion of Levulinic Acid and Its Esters to Various Useful Chemicals","volume":"7","author":"Adeleye","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIMS Energy"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Premalatha, N., and Saranya, S.R. (2024). Biomass Energy for Sustainable Development, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayes, D.J.M. (2013). The Role of Catalysis for the Sustainable Production of Bio-Fuels and Bio-Chemicals, Elsevier Inc.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1351-4180(13)70431-8"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shukla, A., Kumar, D., Girdhar, M., Kumar, A., Goyal, A., Malik, T., and Mohan, A. (2023). Strategies of Pretreatment of Feedstocks for Optimized Bioethanol Production: Distinct and Integrated Approaches. Biotechnol. Biofuels Bioprod., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-023-02295-2"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2010.07.004","article-title":"Cold Sodium Hydroxide\/Urea Based Pretreatment of Bamboo for Bioethanol Production: Characterization of the Cellulose Rich Fraction","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazumder, S., and Zhang, N. (2023). Cellulose\u2013Hemicellulose\u2013Lignin Interaction in the Secondary Cell Wall of Coconut Endocarp. Biomimetics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics8020188"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.07.058","article-title":"Bioethanol Production from Pentose Sugars: Current Status and Future Prospects","volume":"15","author":"Kuhad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taiz, L., Moller, I.M., Murphy, A., and Zeiger, E. (2023). Plant Physiology and Development, Oxford University Press. [7th ed.].","DOI":"10.1093\/hesc\/9780197614204.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barros, D., Fernandes, \u00c9., Jesus, M., Barros, L., Alonso-Esteban, J.I., Pires, P., and Vaz Velho, M. (2023). The Chemical Characterisation of the Maritime Pine Bark Cultivated in Northern Portugal. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12233940"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2023, November 08). FAO, F. and A.O. of the U.N. FAOSTAT\u2014Food and Agriculture Data Database. Available online: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/faostat\/en\/#data\/QCL\/visualize."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leliana, L., Setyaningsih, W., Palma, M., and Santoso, U. (2022). Antioxidant Activity of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Coconut (Cocos Nucifera) Fruit by-Products. Agronomy, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12051102"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, N., Jiang, H., Yang, J., Wang, C., Wu, L., Hao, Y., and Liu, Y. (2021). Characterization of Phenolic Compounds and Anti-Acetylcholinase Activity of Coconut Shells. Food Biosci., 42.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2021.101204"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1093\/jaocint\/qsz008","article-title":"Authenticity and the Potability of Coconut Water-a Critical Review","volume":"103","author":"Burns","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.21603\/2308-4057-2019-2-419-427","article-title":"Coconut Meal: Nutraceutical Importance and Food Industry Application","volume":"7","author":"Kaur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Foods Raw Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vieira, F., Santana, H.E.P., Jesus, M., Santos, J., Pires, P., Vaz-Velho, M., Silva, D.P., and Ruzene, D.S. (2024). Coconut Waste: Discovering Sustainable Approaches to Advance a Circular Economy. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su16073066"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118129","article-title":"Structural and Thermal Investigation of Lignocellulosic Biomass Conversion for Enhancing Sustainable Imperative in Progressive Organic Refinery Paradigm for Waste-to-Energy Applications","volume":"246","author":"Qureshi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"308","article-title":"Nanobiotechnological Advancements in Lignocellulosic Biomass Pretreatment","volume":"3","author":"Arora","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Energy Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.117457","article-title":"Different Pretreatment Technologies of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Bioethanol Production: An Overview","volume":"199","author":"Rezania","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jesus, M., Roman\u00ed, A., Mata, F., and Domingues, L. (2022). Current Options in the Valorisation of Vine Pruning Residue for the Production of Biofuels, Biopolymers, Antioxidants, and Bio-Composites Following the Concept of Biorefinery: A Review. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14091640"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5802\/crchim.226","article-title":"Bioethanol Production from Coconut Husk Using DES-NADES Pretreatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis Method","volume":"26","author":"Yerizam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus Chim."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3275","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-022-02572-4","article-title":"Understanding the Effect of Low-Concentrated Protic Ionic Liquids (PILs) on Coconut (Cocos Nucifera) Residues","volume":"14","author":"Gundupalli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. Biorefin."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mankar, A.R., Pandey, A., and Pant, K.K. (2022). Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Lignin from Coconut Coir Using Deep Eutectic Solvents and Its Valorization to Aromatics. Bioresour. Technol., 345.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2021.126528"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6108","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-09629-4","article-title":"Effective Pretreatment of Lignin-Rich Coconut Wastes Using a Low-Cost Ionic Liquid","volume":"12","author":"Anuchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Nitsos, C.K., Mihailof, C.M., Matis, K.A., Lappas, A.A., and Triantafyllidis, K.S. (2013). The Role of Catalysis for the Sustainable Production of Bio-Fuels and Bio-Chemicals, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jesus, M., Mata, F., Batista, R.A., Ruzene, D.S., Albuquerque-J\u00fanior, R., Cardoso, J.C., Vaz-Velho, M., Pires, P., Padilha, F.F., and Silva, D.P. (2023). Corncob as Carbon Source in the Production of Xanthan Gum in Different Strains Xanthomonas sp.. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15032287"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2015.08.085","article-title":"A Review on Alkaline Pretreatment Technology for Bioconversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass","volume":"199","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, B.L.P., Jesus, M.S., Mata, F., Prado, A.A.O.S., Vieira, I.M.M., Ramos, L.C., L\u00f3pez, J.A., Vaz-Velho, M., Ruzene, D.S., and Silva, D.P. (2023). Use of Agro-Industrial Waste for Biosurfactant Production: A Comparative Study of Hemicellulosic Liquors from Corncobs and Sunflower Stalks. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15086341"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2023.06.210","article-title":"Comparison between Alternative Chemical Treatments on Coir Fibers for Application in Cementitious Materials","volume":"25","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.08.230","article-title":"Integral Valorization of Vine Pruning Residue by Sequential Autohydrolysis Stages","volume":"168","author":"Jesus","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2015.06.041","article-title":"Bioethanol Production from Coconuts and Cactus Pretreated by Autohydrolysis","volume":"77","author":"Ruiz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.21315\/jps2019.30.s2.18","article-title":"Effect of Different Prehydrolysis Processes on Lignin Extractability of Coconut Husk Fibres","volume":"30","author":"Carre","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2869","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-020-00677-2","article-title":"Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass at Atmospheric Conditions by Using Different Organosolv Liquors: A Comparison of Lignins","volume":"11","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. Biorefin."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1002\/bbb.2096","article-title":"Fundamental Review of Organosolv Pretreatment and Its Challenges in Emerging Consolidated Bioprocessing","volume":"14","author":"Lim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biofuels Bioprod. Biorefining"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira, J.A., and Taherzadeh, M.J. (2020). Improving the Economy of Lignocellulose-Based Biorefineries with Organosolv Pretreatment. Bioresour. Technol., 299.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2019.122695"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.04.126","article-title":"Microwave-Assisted Organosolv Extraction of Coconut Shell Lignin by Br\u00f8nsted and Lewis Acids Catalysts","volume":"189","author":"Avelino","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.328","article-title":"Cosmetic Potential of Lignin Extracts from Alkaline-Treated Sugarcane Bagasse: Optimization of Extraction Conditions Using Response Surface Methodology","volume":"153","author":"Ratanasumarn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.9767\/bcrec.8.1.4048.34-39","article-title":"Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Alkaline Pretreated Coconut Coir","volume":"8","author":"Fatmawati","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull. Chem. React. Eng. Catal."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1007\/s12649-018-0229-6","article-title":"Valorization, Comparison and Characterization of Coconuts Waste and Cactus in a Biorefinery Context Using NaClO2\u2013C2H4O2 and Sequential NaClO2\u2013C2H4O2\/Autohydrolysis Pretreatment","volume":"10","author":"Ruiz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Waste Biomass Valorization"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2020.112167","article-title":"Organosolv Lignin\/Fe3O4 Nanoparticles Applied as a \u03b2-Glucosidase Immobilization Support and Adsorbent for Textile Dye Removal","volume":"146","author":"Padilha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4369","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.9b00621","article-title":"Depolymerization of Lignin Using a Solid Base Catalyst","volume":"33","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7491","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-11105-3","article-title":"Recovery of Nanosized Silica and Lignin from Sugarcane Bagasse Waste and Their Engineering in Fabrication of Composite Membrane for Water Purification","volume":"28","author":"Kauldhar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Ismail, H.S., Ibrahim, A.H., Abidin, C.Z.A., and Ridwan, F.M. (2019, January 21). Recovery of Nano-Lignin from Anaerobic Treated Palm Oil Mill Effluent (AT-POME). Proceedings of the IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2nd International Conference on Civil & Environmental Engineering 20th, Langkawi, Malaysia."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, P.L., Hassan, O., Md-Jahim, J., Mustapha, W.A.W., and Maskat, M.Y. (2014). Fibrous Agricultural Biomass as a Potential Source for Bioconversion to Vanillic Acid. Int. J. Polym. Sci., 2014.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/509035"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1021\/acsagscitech.2c00334","article-title":"Urea-Lignin\/Chitosan Nanocomposite as Slow-Release Nanofertilizer","volume":"3","author":"Latha","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Agric. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"210","article-title":"Chlorite Holocellulose, Its Fractionnation and Bearing on Summative Wood Analysis and on Studies on the Hemicelluloses","volume":"29","author":"Wise","year":"1946","journal-title":"Tech. Assoc. Pap."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira, P.F.O., Pereira, A.L.S., Rosa, M.F., and de Santiago-Aguiar, R.S. (2022). Lignin-Rich Cellulose Nanocrystals from Coir Fiber Treated with Ionic Liquids: Preparation and Evaluation as Pickering Emulsifier. Ind. Crops Prod., 186.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2022.115119"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jakka, V., Goswami, A., Nallajarla, A.K., Roy, U., Srikanth, K., and Sengupta, S. (2023). Coconut Coir\u2013Derived Nanocellulose as an Efficient Adsorbent for Removal of Cationic Dye Safranin-O: A Detailed Mechanistic Adsorption Study. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 1\u201322.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-29075-7"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8701","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-020-01164-4","article-title":"Biohydrogen Production from Photodecomposition of Various Cellulosic Biomass Wastes Using Metal-TiO 2 Catalysts","volume":"13","author":"Abdullah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. Biorefin."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.117334","article-title":"Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives: Different Colloidal States and Food-Related Applications","volume":"255","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogsc.2022.100738","article-title":"Kraft Lignin Valorization: Biofuels and Thermoset Materials in Focus","volume":"40","author":"Lawoko","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Green Sustain. Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2014.12.009","article-title":"Reactive Organosolv Lignin Extraction from Wheat Straw: Influence of Lewis Acid Catalysts on Structural and Chemical Properties of Lignins","volume":"65","author":"Constant","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.14233\/ajchem.2024.30671","article-title":"Extraction of Lignin from Agro-Waste Coir Fiber by Mild Alkali Treatment: A Statistical Approach for Process Optimization through Response Surface Methodology","volume":"36","author":"Sujatha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asian J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2017.03.011","article-title":"Evaluation of Organosolv Pretreatment on the Enzymatic Digestibility of Coconut Coir Fibers and Bioethanol Production via Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation","volume":"109","author":"Ebrahimi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew Energy"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2016.03.045","article-title":"Bioethanol Production by Saccharomyces Cerevisiae, Pichia Stipitis and Zymomonas Mobilis from Delignified Coconut Fibre Mature and Lignin Extraction According to Biorefinery Concept","volume":"94","author":"Ruiz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew Energy"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2017.12.026","article-title":"Formic Acid Reinforced Autohydrolysis of Wheat Straw for High Yield Production of Monosugars and Minimal Lignin Precipitation","volume":"112","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1002\/cssc.201301396","article-title":"Fractionation of Hemp Hurds by Organosolv Pretreatment and Its Effect on Production of Lignin and Sugars","volume":"7","author":"Gandolfi","year":"2014","journal-title":"ChemSusChem"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4491","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-021-03416-w","article-title":"Revealing the Influence of Chemical Compounds on the Pyrolysis of Lignocellulosic Wastes from the Amazonian Production Chains","volume":"19","author":"Costa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.16.1.1042-1062","article-title":"Bacterial Cellulose Production by Acetobacter Xylinum CGMCC 1.2378 Using Coconut Shell Acid Hydrolysate as Carbon Source","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioresources"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5450","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.16.3.5450-5466","article-title":"Natural Cellulosic Material Characteristics: A Possibility to Develop Antimicrobial Active Fiber-Based Packaging","volume":"16","author":"Parichanon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioresources"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2020.106384","article-title":"Effects of Chemical Composition, Mild Alkaline Pretreatment and Particle Size on Mechanical, Thermal, and Structural Properties of Binderless Lignocellulosic Biopolymers Prepared by Hot-Pressing Raw Microfibrillated Phoenix Dactylifera and Cocos Nucifera","volume":"84","author":"Alharbi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polym. Test"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01290a052","article-title":"Composition of Coconut Shells","volume":"59","author":"Fleck","year":"1937","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bezerra, P.K.S.d.B., Silva, d.O.L., Oliveira, d.S.D., Padilha, C.E.d.A., and Santos, d.E.S. (2021). Cellulolytic Enzymes Behavior in Delignified Green Coconut Residues and Enzymatic Hydrolysis with Enzyme Recovery. Ind. Crops Prod., 172.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2021.114037"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-020-00895-8","article-title":"Bioconversion of Coconut Husk Fibre through Biorefinery Process of Alkaline Pretreatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis","volume":"11","author":"Din","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. Biorefin."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"De Padilha, C.E.A., Santiago, L.E.P., de Guilherme, A.A., Cavalcante, J.D.N., Thomas, H.Y., dos Santos, E.S., de Melo, D.M.A., Braga, R.M., and de Souza, D.F.S. (2023). Effects of Acid and Organosolv Pretreatments on the Analytical Fast Pyrolysis Products of Green Coconut Fiber. Bioenergy Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nascimento, R.J.M., Bezerra, L.C.A., Almeida, J.S., de Oliveira Barros, M., Silva, L.R.R., Rosa, M.F., Mazzeto, S.E., Lomonaco, D., Pereira, K.R.A., and Avelino, F. (2022). Elucidating the Adsorption Mechanism of Rhodamine B on Mesoporous Coconut Coir-Based Biosorbents through a Non-Linear Modeling and Recycling Approach. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 79920\u201379934.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-18808-9"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2014.04.053","article-title":"A Novel Green Approach for the Preparation of Cellulose Nanowhiskers from White Coir","volume":"110","author":"Nascimento","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2012.10.056","article-title":"Environmental Friendly Method for the Extraction of Coir Fibre and Isolation of Nanofibre","volume":"92","author":"Abraham","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2021.05.049","article-title":"Characterization of Timoho Fiber as a Reinforcement in Green Composite","volume":"13","author":"Gapsari","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.225","article-title":"Characterization of Natural Cellulosic Fiber Extracted from Grewia Damine Flowering Plant\u2019s Stem","volume":"164","author":"Moshi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1002\/app.30584","article-title":"Structural Characterization and Tensile Properties of Borassus Fruit Fibers","volume":"114","author":"Guduri","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/14658011.2020.1816119","article-title":"Influence of Alkaline Treatment on Sisal Fibre Applied as Reinforcement Agent in Composites of Corn Starch and Cellulose Acetate Matrices","volume":"50","author":"Botaro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plast. Rubber Compos."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Apayd\u0131n Varol, E., and Mutlu, \u00dc. (2023). TGA-FTIR Analysis of Biomass Samples Based on the Thermal Decomposition Behavior of Hemicellulose, Cellulose, and Lignin. Energies, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/en16093674"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5165","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-020-00948-y","article-title":"Characterization of Lignocellulose of Opuntia (Cactaceae) Species Using FTIR Spectroscopy: Possible Candidates for Renewable Raw Material","volume":"12","author":"Maceda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. Biorefin."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carres.2004.11.027","article-title":"FTIR Analysis of Cellulose Treated with Sodium Hydroxide and Carbon Dioxide","volume":"340","author":"Oh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y.P., Zhang, Y., Lang, Y.X., and Yu, M.H. (2017, January 23\u201325). Structural ATR-IR Analysis of Cellulose Fibers Prepared from a NaOH Complex Aqueous Solution. Proceedings of the IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/213\/1\/012039"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s001070050251","article-title":"Analysis of Wood Surfaces and Ground Wood by Diffuse Reflectance (DRIFT) and Photoacoustic (PAS) Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Techniques","volume":"55","author":"Pandey","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2022.105623","article-title":"Impact of Temperature and Residence Time on the Hydrothermal Carbonization of Organosolv Lignin","volume":"166","author":"Latham","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"452","article-title":"Harijono Structure and Morphology of Cellulose from Coconut Coir Fibers","volume":"80","author":"Pasang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Russ. J. Agric. Socioecon. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-014-0525-7","article-title":"Study on in Situ Analysis of Cellulose, Hemicelluloses and Lignin Distribution Linked to Tissue Structure of Crop Stalk Internodal Transverse Section Based on FTIR Microspectroscopic Imaging","volume":"22","author":"Cao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1002\/bbb.1768","article-title":"Organosolv Fractionating Pre-treatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Efficient Enzymatic Saccharification: Chemistry, Kinetics, and Substrate Structures","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biofuels Bioprod. Biorefining"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zugnmaier, P. (2008). Crystalline Cellulose and Derivatives, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-73934-0"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wertz, J.-L., B\u00e9du\u00e9, O., and Mercier, J.P. (2010). Cellulose Science and Technology, EPFL, Press. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/b16496"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2004.05.003","article-title":"Structural FTIR Analysis and Thermal Characterisation of Lyocell and Viscose-Type Fibres","volume":"40","author":"Carrillo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1002\/app.1964.070080323","article-title":"Relation of Certain Infrared Bands to Cellulose Crystallinity and Crystal Lattice Type. Part 11. A New Infrared Ratio for Estimation of Crystallinity in Celluloses I and II","volume":"8","author":"Nelson","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1177\/004051755802800503","article-title":"Applications of Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy to Investigations of Cotton and Modified Cottons:Part I: Physical and Crystalline Modifications and Oxidation","volume":"28","author":"Mitcham","year":"1958","journal-title":"Text. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4121","DOI":"10.1021\/bm201176m","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of Crystallinity Changes in Cellulose i Polymers Using ATR-FTIR, X-Ray Diffraction, and Carbohydrate-Binding Module Probes","volume":"12","author":"Kljun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-3910(00)00119-1","article-title":"Thermal Behaviour and Infrared Spectroscopy of Cellulose Carbamates","volume":"70","author":"Nada","year":"2000","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.6.1.400-413","article-title":"Structural changes evidenced by FTIR spectroscopy in cellulose materials after pre-treatment with ionic liquid and enzymatic hydrolysis","volume":"6","author":"Spiridon","year":"2011","journal-title":"BioResources"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-009-9378-x","article-title":"Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Analysis of Crystallinity Changes in Lyocell Following Continuous Treatment with Sodium Hydroxide","volume":"17","author":"Blackburn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"Haykiri-Acma, H., and Yaman, S. (2022). Treating Lignocellulosic Biomass with Dilute Solutions at Ambient Temperature: Effects on Cellulose Crystallinity. Biomass Convers. Biorefin."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fatmawati, A., Nurtono, T., and Widjaja, A. (2023). Thermogravimetric Kinetic-Based Computation of Raw and Pretreated Coconut Husk Powder Lignocellulosic Composition. Bioresour. Technol. Rep., 22.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biteb.2023.101500"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-020-09281-y","article-title":"Thermochemical Conversion of Coconut Waste: Material Characterization and Identification of Pyrolysis Products","volume":"143","author":"Borel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal. Calorim."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s12155-020-10159-y","article-title":"Steam Explosion: Hydrothermal Pretreatment in the Production of an Adsorbent Material Using Coconut Husk","volume":"14","author":"Nascimento","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioenergy Res."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2015.07.062","article-title":"Isoconversional Kinetic Study of the Thermal Decomposition of Sugarcane Straw for Thermal Conversion Processes","volume":"196","author":"Tannous","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostr.2020.07.012","article-title":"Thermogravimetry and Interfacial Characterization of Alkaline Treated Cantala Fiber\/Microcrystalline Cellulose-Composite","volume":"27","author":"Sakuri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Procedia Struct. Integr."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-019-02933-9","article-title":"Morphologies and Properties of Juncus Effusus Fiber after Alkali Treatment","volume":"27","author":"Xia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2013.02.035","article-title":"Understanding the Impact of Ionic Liquid Pretreatment on Cellulose and Lignin via Thermochemical Analysis","volume":"54","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tca.2022.179275","article-title":"Thermal Behavior and Kinetic Analysis of Torrefied Coconut Fiber Pyrolysis","volume":"715","author":"Lopes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.17.1.469-491","article-title":"A Comparison of Alkaline and Organosolv Lignin Extraction Methods from Coconut Husks as an Alternative Material for Green Applications","volume":"17","author":"Latif","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioresources"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.03.012","article-title":"Coconut Coir Pith Lignin: A Physicochemical and Thermal Characterization","volume":"113","author":"Panamgama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2011.09.139","article-title":"Effect of Alkaline and Autohydrolysis Processes on the Purity of Obtained Hemicelluloses from Corn Stalks","volume":"103","author":"Sanchez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klunklin, W., Hinmo, S., Thipchai, P., and Rachtanapun, P. (2023). Effect of Bleaching Processes on Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Cellulose and Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Young and Mature Coconut Coir. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15163376"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2015.06.011","article-title":"Microstructure, Flexural Properties and Durability of Coir Fibre Reinforced Concrete Beams Externally Strengthened with Flax FRP Composites","volume":"80","author":"Yan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compos. B Eng."}],"container-title":["Sustainability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/16\/11\/4784\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:53:33Z","timestamp":1760108013000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/16\/11\/4784"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["su16114784"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su16114784","relation":{},"ISSN":["2071-1050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2071-1050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]]}}}