{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T22:42:52Z","timestamp":1777934572337,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,22]],"date-time":"2024-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo State Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["2020\/12230-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/12230-4"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo State Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["UIDB\/04035\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04035\/2020"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo State Research Foundation (FAPESP)","award":["UIDP\/04035\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04035\/2020"]}]},{"name":"GeoBioTec Research Unit","award":["2020\/12230-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/12230-4"]}]},{"name":"GeoBioTec Research Unit","award":["UIDB\/04035\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04035\/2020"]}]},{"name":"GeoBioTec Research Unit","award":["UIDP\/04035\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04035\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["2020\/12230-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/12230-4"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/04035\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04035\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UIDP\/04035\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04035\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Water treatment sludge (WTS) is the residue produced during water treatment processes for public use. Exploring the reintroduction of these wastes into the production chain to generate new, value-added materials presents a current challenge. This could promote their reuse and reduce the negative environmental impacts associated with their disposal. This study assessed the technical feasibility of using aluminum-based WTS to partially replace silty sand soil in mixtures that include two stabilizers (hydrated lime and Portland cement), potentially for use in road pavements. After conducting a thorough physical, chemical, and geotechnical characterization of both the soil and the sludge, bench-scale experiments were carried out to test the mixtures\u2019 resistance, with WTS proportions of 5%, 8%, 10%, 15%, and 20%, stabilized with either lime or cement. The findings confirm that WTS does not contain potentially toxic elements, according to Brazilian standards, and all tested composites appear suitable for paving. However, the mechanical resistance of the soil\u2013sludge\u2013cement mixtures decreases as the WTS content increases, with an optimum California bearing ratio (CBR) of 41.50% achieved at a 5% WTS addition. Meanwhile, incorporating 15% WTS into soil\u2013sludge\u2013lime mixtures resulted in the highest CBR value of 21.25% for this type of mixture. It is concluded that incorporating stabilizers into soil\u2013WTPS mixtures for road construction allows for an increased percentage of WTPS in silty-sandy soils. Further studies are recommended with different soil types and the addition of fibers to the mixes, to assess the long-term performance of the structure, along with economic and environmental analyses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su16135333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T08:42:03Z","timestamp":1719218523000},"page":"5333","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Beneficial Use of Water Treatment Sludge with Stabilizers for Application in Road Pavements"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"T\u00falio W.","family":"Takao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Engineering Department, Science and Technology Institute, S\u00e3o Paulo State University\u2014UNESP, km 137,9 Presidente Dutra Highway, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12247-004, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1573-2557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vivian S.","family":"Bardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transportation Engineering Department, School of Technology, Campinas State University (UNICAMP), Limeira 13484-350, SP, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Amanda D.","family":"de Jesus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Engineering Department, Science and Technology Institute, S\u00e3o Paulo State University\u2014UNESP, km 137,9 Presidente Dutra Highway, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12247-004, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8825-2162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo","family":"Marchiori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoBioTec, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Universidade da Beira Interior, Fonte Cal\u00e7ada do Lameiro, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7099-0685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Albuquerque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoBioTec, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Universidade da Beira Interior, Fonte Cal\u00e7ada do Lameiro, 6201-001 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2430-8240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiana A.","family":"Fiore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Engineering Department, Science and Technology Institute, S\u00e3o Paulo State University\u2014UNESP, km 137,9 Presidente Dutra Highway, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12247-004, SP, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2022.102651","article-title":"Beneficial reuse of water treatment sludge in the context of circular economy","volume":"28","author":"Nguyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. 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