{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T02:57:22Z","timestamp":1768705042609,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study analyses land use changes in the Sado Estuary (West-Central Portugal) based on a multi-temporal analysis of 19th century cartographic data and 21st century remote sensing land use maps, updated by fieldwork. A GIS plot of land use evolution is summarized in a quantitative table. The comparison shows the changes in land use, with increasing occupation by human economic activities, including extensive agriculture and forestry, as well as localized urbanization and industrialization. The main elements of the landscape impacted by anthropogenic uses were (i) hydrography\u2014river dams affected the flow dynamics and sedimentary processes in the estuary; (ii) vegetation\u2014increasing agriculture and forestry reduced the area of native vegetation, which is now mostly occupied by vineyards, pine forests and cork oaks; (iii) wetlands\u2014tidal and alluvial plains are being occupied by rice cultivation, aquaculture, industries, and ports; (iv) coastal dunes\u2014new developments are occupying large areas of Holocene coastal dunes; and (v) natural environment\u2014mining and dredging have affected some habitats and biodiversity. This analysis is intended to help the territorial organization of present and future economic activities, as well as to reduce environmental and social problems, thus promoting the long-term sustainability of this rapidly evolving region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su16135798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T11:30:02Z","timestamp":1720438202000},"page":"5798","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Analysis of Land Use Changes in the Sado Estuary (Portugal) from the 19th to the 21st Century, Based on Historical Maps, Fieldwork, and Remote Sensing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Neise Mare de Souza","family":"Alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Geografia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe (DGE\/UFS), Av. Marechal Rondon, S\/N, S\u00e3o Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o CEP 49100-000, SE, Brazil"},{"name":"Grupo de Pesquisa Din\u00e2mica Ambiental e Geomorfologia (DAGEO\/UFS\/CNPQ), Av. Marechal Rondon, S\/N, S\u00e3o Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o CEP 49100-000, SE, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5855-4928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Pimentel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Geologia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Dom Luiz, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"D\u00e9bora Barbosa da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Geografia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe (DGE\/UFS), Av. Marechal Rondon, S\/N, S\u00e3o Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o CEP 49100-000, SE, Brazil"},{"name":"Grupo de Pesquisa Din\u00e2mica Ambiental e Geomorfologia (DAGEO\/UFS\/CNPQ), Av. Marechal Rondon, S\/N, S\u00e3o Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o CEP 49100-000, SE, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"In\u00e1cio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Geologia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Dom Luiz, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Gra\u00e7a","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Geologia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Dom Luiz, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2616-6637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria da Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Geologia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto Dom Luiz, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2028.2008.01047.x","article-title":"Land cover change and land degradation in parts of the southwest coast of Nigeria","volume":"47","author":"Fasona","year":"2009","journal-title":"Afr. 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