{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T05:05:33Z","timestamp":1772168733922,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,14]],"date-time":"2024-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020+LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020+LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["CEECIND\/00143\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/00143\/2017"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["CEECIND\/02174\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/02174\/2017"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["CEECIND\/07209\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/07209\/2022"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["APQ-03329-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APQ-03329-16"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020+LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020+LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["CEECIND\/00143\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/00143\/2017"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["CEECIND\/02174\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/02174\/2017"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["CEECIND\/07209\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/07209\/2022"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["APQ-03329-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APQ-03329-16"]}]},{"name":"FAPEMIG","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020+LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020+LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FAPEMIG","award":["CEECIND\/00143\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/00143\/2017"]}]},{"name":"FAPEMIG","award":["CEECIND\/02174\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/02174\/2017"]}]},{"name":"FAPEMIG","award":["CEECIND\/07209\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/07209\/2022"]}]},{"name":"FAPEMIG","award":["APQ-03329-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APQ-03329-16"]}]},{"name":"CAPES","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020+LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020+LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CAPES","award":["CEECIND\/00143\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/00143\/2017"]}]},{"name":"CAPES","award":["CEECIND\/02174\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/02174\/2017"]}]},{"name":"CAPES","award":["CEECIND\/07209\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/07209\/2022"]}]},{"name":"CAPES","award":["APQ-03329-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APQ-03329-16"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The interest in using essential oils for biotechnological and biomedical applications has been increasing because of their unique properties, such as their roles as preservatives, antioxidants, antimicrobial agents, and therapeutic agents, with oregano oil being a notable example. However, the bioactivity and stability of oregano oil can be compromised because of its volatile nature and external factors like exposure to light, heat, or oxygen. To protect oregano oil from these adverse effects and enhance its potential, microencapsulation has been employed. Nevertheless, studies evaluating the economic feasibility of this process are still limited. In this context, this study combines an environmental impact assessment by applying the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology and an economic evaluation of three different scenarios (A, B, and C) for the production of oregano oil microparticles by a spray dryer. In Scenario A, only modified starch was used to prepare the emulsion; in Scenario B, the modified starch was replaced with gum arabic; and in Scenario C, the gum arabic, maltodextrin, and modified starch were combined. The results indicated that Scenario B presents the best environmental performance for all impact categories analyzed (global warming, fossil resource scarcity, mineral resource scarcity, terrestrial acidification, freshwater eutrophication, and marine eutrophication). However, the composting of bio-waste end-of-life presents better environmental performance for the other scenarios (A and C). In Scenario B, the process with the lowest production cost per gram of microcapsules is the most promising for meeting the demands of the aspects analyzed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su16188038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T11:36:37Z","timestamp":1726486597000},"page":"8038","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Environmental and Economic Analysis of the Production of Oregano Oil Microparticles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1491-7082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo Jos\u00e9 Martins","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Technology, University of Federal dos Vales Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina 39100-000, MG, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1649-4597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe Hobi Bordon","family":"Sosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICECO\u2013Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0924-5034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Quinteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM\u2013Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8881-3564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM\u2013Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Mario Antonio","family":"Torres-Acosta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 6BT, UK"},{"name":"Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias, Tecnol\u00f3gico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Henrique Picado Madalena","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, S\u00e3o Paulo University, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes n 580 Bloco 16, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8936-6142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joyce Maria Gomes","family":"da Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Technology, University of Federal dos Vales Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina 39100-000, MG, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2018.05.025","article-title":"Microencapsulation of Active Ingredients in Functional Foods: From Research Stage to Commercial Food Products","volume":"78","author":"Ye","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. 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