{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T18:03:52Z","timestamp":1771005832755,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"WEC4Ports\u2014A Hybrid Wave Energy Converter for Ports","award":["OCEANERA\/0004\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OCEANERA\/0004\/2019"]}]},{"name":"WEC4Ports\u2014A Hybrid Wave Energy Converter for Ports","award":["EAPA 784\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EAPA 784\/2018"]}]},{"name":"WEC4Ports\u2014A Hybrid Wave Energy Converter for Ports","award":["2022.04954.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.04954.CEECIND"]}]},{"name":"PORTOS\u2014Ports Towards Energy Self-Sufficiency","award":["OCEANERA\/0004\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OCEANERA\/0004\/2019"]}]},{"name":"PORTOS\u2014Ports Towards Energy Self-Sufficiency","award":["EAPA 784\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EAPA 784\/2018"]}]},{"name":"PORTOS\u2014Ports Towards Energy Self-Sufficiency","award":["2022.04954.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.04954.CEECIND"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["OCEANERA\/0004\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OCEANERA\/0004\/2019"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["EAPA 784\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EAPA 784\/2018"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["2022.04954.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.04954.CEECIND"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Stimulus of Scientific Employment program of the Portuguese Foundation of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OCEANERA\/0004\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OCEANERA\/0004\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Stimulus of Scientific Employment program of the Portuguese Foundation of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EAPA 784\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EAPA 784\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Stimulus of Scientific Employment program of the Portuguese Foundation of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022.04954.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.04954.CEECIND"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wave energy converters (WECs) integrated into breakwaters present a promising solution for combining coastal protection with renewable energy generation, addressing both energy demands and environmental concerns. Additionally, this integration offers cost-sharing opportunities, making the overall investment more economically viable. This study explores the potential of a hinged point-absorber WEC, specifically designed as a floating hinged half-sphere, by assessing the device\u2019s power output and comparing two different breakwater configurations. To evaluate the device\u2019s performance, a comprehensive numerical and experimental approach was adopted. Numerical simulations were carried out using a radiation-diffraction model, a time domain tool for analyzing wave\u2013structure interactions. These simulations predicted average power outputs of 25 kW for sloped breakwaters and 18 kW for vertical breakwaters located at two strategic sites: the Port of Leix\u00f5es and the mouth of the Douro River in Portugal. To validate these predictions, a 1:14 scale model of the WEC was constructed and subjected to testing in a wave\u2013current flume, replicating different sea-state conditions. The experimental results closely aligned with the numerical simulations, demonstrating a good match in terms of relative error and relative amplitude operator (RAO). This alignment confirms the reliability of the predictive model. These findings support the potential of integrating WECs into breakwaters, contributing to port energy self-sufficiency and decarbonization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su16198671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T12:02:10Z","timestamp":1728388930000},"page":"8671","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Numerical and Experimental Power Output Estimation for a Small-Scale Hinged Wave Energy Converter"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8573-0626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto (FEUP), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, S\/N, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3768-3314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Rosa-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto (FEUP), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, S\/N, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research of the University of Porto (CIIMAR), Avenida General Norton de Matos, S\/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0930-6658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianmaria","family":"Giannini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto (FEUP), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, S\/N, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research of the University of Porto (CIIMAR), Avenida General Norton de Matos, S\/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2010). 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