{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T15:02:04Z","timestamp":1777388524895,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,20]],"date-time":"2024-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04312\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04312\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04007\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04007\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/05064\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05064\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis posits an inverted U-shaped relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation. However, there is no consensus regarding the EKC hypothesis among countries and regions of different income groups. This study revisits the EKC hypothesis by employing cross-correlation analysis to explore the income\u2013CO2 emissions relationship across 158 countries and 44 regions from 1990 to 2020. The empirical method utilizes a dynamic cross-correlation coefficient (CCC) approach, allowing for the assessment of lead-lag dynamics between income and CO2 emissions over time. By categorizing nations into the World Bank\u2019s income classifications, we found a heterogeneous EKC pattern highlighting distinct environmental\u2013economic dynamics across different income groups. The findings indicate that high-income countries show a decoupling of economic growth from CO2 emissions; whereas, low-income countries still exhibit a positive correlation between both variables. This underscores the necessity for tailored policy interventions that promote carbon neutrality, while considering each country\u2019s unique development stage. Our research contributes to the ongoing issue of sustainable economic development by providing empirical evidence of the different pathways nations follow in balancing growth with environmental preservation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su16209089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T12:40:32Z","timestamp":1729514432000},"page":"9089","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Global Dynamics of Environmental Kuznets Curve: A Cross-Correlation Analysis of Income and CO2 Emissions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0224-8635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dora","family":"Almeida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economic and Organizational Sciences, Portalegre Polytechnic University, Pra\u00e7a do Munic\u00edpio, 11, 7300-110 Portalegre, Portugal"},{"name":"VALORIZA\u2014Research Centre for Endogenous Resource Valorization, 7300-555 Portalegre, Portugal"},{"name":"CEFAGE, IIFA\u2014Center for Advanced Studies in Management and Economics, Universidade de \u00c9vora, Pal\u00e1cio do Vimioso, Largo Marqu\u00eas de Marialva n\u00ba 8, 7000-809 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6095-6010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00edsa","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economic and Organizational Sciences, Portalegre Polytechnic University, Pra\u00e7a do Munic\u00edpio, 11, 7300-110 Portalegre, Portugal"},{"name":"CARE\u2014Research Center on Health and Social Sciences, 7300-555 Portalegre, Portugal"},{"name":"CIEP\u2014Centre for Research in Education and Psychology, Col\u00e9gio Pedro da Fonseca, Universidade de \u00c9vora, Apartado 94, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1951-889X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economic and Organizational Sciences, Portalegre Polytechnic University, Pra\u00e7a do Munic\u00edpio, 11, 7300-110 Portalegre, Portugal"},{"name":"VALORIZA\u2014Research Centre for Endogenous Resource Valorization, 7300-555 Portalegre, Portugal"},{"name":"CEFAGE, IIFA\u2014Center for Advanced Studies in Management and Economics, Universidade de \u00c9vora, Pal\u00e1cio do Vimioso, Largo Marqu\u00eas de Marialva n\u00ba 8, 7000-809 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4289-9312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreia","family":"Dion\u00edsio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEFAGE, IIFA\u2014Center for Advanced Studies in Management and Economics, Universidade de \u00c9vora, Pal\u00e1cio do Vimioso, Largo Marqu\u00eas de Marialva n\u00ba 8, 7000-809 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4237-6287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inzamam Ul","family":"Haq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Business School, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06444-3","article-title":"Climate Warming Increases Extreme Daily Wildfire Growth Risk in California","volume":"621","author":"Brown","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04788-w","article-title":"Climate Change Increases Cross-Species Viral Transmission Risk","volume":"607","author":"Carlson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Berkeley Earth (2024). 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