{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T06:25:35Z","timestamp":1762410335699,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]],"date-time":"2024-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EEA","award":["PT-INNOVATION-0081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PT-INNOVATION-0081"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["PT-INNOVATION-0081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PT-INNOVATION-0081"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sustainability"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Kelp forests are essential marine ecosystems increasingly compromised by human activities. Effective reforestation strategies are urgently needed, and the \u201cgreen gravel\u201d method is a viable tool already used in some European regions. This study aimed to assess the success of this method using the native Kelp species Laminaria ochroleuca on the Portuguese coastline. Cultures of green gravel were reared until the specimens reached a size of approximately 3 cm. The gravel was then deployed at selected sites in Peniche, Berlengas, and Cascais. Over an eight-month period, scientific scuba divers monitored the integration of Kelp, along with associated fish, invertebrate, and algae communities. Nutrient availability, temperature, water movement, substrate type, and Rugosity Index (RI) were also measured. The highest success rate was 12% in Consola\u00e7\u00e3o, with Elefante and Galos (Berlengas) reaching 7% and 4%, respectively. By the end of the monitoring period, Cascais had no remaining Kelp on green gravel. Present data suggest that higher success is dependent on less rugged and higher RI topography. Higher grazing pressure, rougher terrain, and unexpected sedimentation appear to be the main obstacles to deployment success. Solid knowledge (biologic and topographic) on the restoration site, starting restoration actions near already established Kelp forests, and significantly scaling up restoration efforts could substantially improve the success of the green gravel method in future reforestation campaigns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/su16219176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]],"date-time":"2024-10-23T06:00:52Z","timestamp":1729663252000},"page":"9176","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Assessing Atlantic Kelp Forest Restoration Efforts in Southern Europe"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8616-2590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre F. S.","family":"Marques","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network Associated Laboratory, ESTM, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2520-630 Peniche, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4878-4548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Sanch\u00e9z-Gallego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network Associated Laboratory, ESTM, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2520-630 Peniche, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo R.","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network Associated Laboratory, ESTM, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2520-630 Peniche, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9231-0553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Sousa-Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6151-891X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Chemello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Louro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SeaForester Lda, 2765-253 Estoril, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9887-1864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco F. L.","family":"Lemos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network Associated Laboratory, ESTM, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2520-630 Peniche, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8249-5224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o N.","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE\u2014Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET\u2014Aquatic Research Network Associated Laboratory, ESTM, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2520-630 Peniche, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"57","article-title":"Status and Trends for the World\u2019s Kelp Forests","volume":"Volume III","author":"Wernberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Seas: An Environmental Evaluation: Ecological Issues and Environmental Impacts"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1071\/MF15232","article-title":"The \u2018Great Southern Reef\u2019: Social, Ecological and Economic Value of Australia\u2019s Neglected Kelp Forests","volume":"67","author":"Bennett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. 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